FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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10 March 2009

It will get worst before it gets better...but how worst?!

http://au.biz.yahoo.com/090310/2/253kb.html (10th March 2009)

Job ads slump further in Feb: ANZ survey
Tuesday March 10, 2009, 12:49 pm

There was a record fall in the number of job advertisements in newspapers and on the internet in February, a survey has found. The ANZ Banking Group survey found total job advertisements slipped 10.4 per cent in February, the largest recorded monthly fall since the series began in 1999.

It was the 10th consecutive monthly decline and the second time in three months that the survey recorded a double-digit percentage fall. On an annual basis, the number of job advertisements in newspapers and on the internet has back-pedalled 39.8 per cent in the 12 months to February.

This was also the worst outcome in the history of the survey. ANZ head of Australian economics Warren Hogan said the survey suggested a substantial rise in the unemployment rate was likely and pointed to an economy already in recession.

"The current downturn in the economy is likely to last throughout 2009, with little prospect of a meaningful recovery before 2010," Mr Hogan said in a statement. "Recent trends in job advertising are consistent with other indicators which suggest that the Australian economy entered recession in late 2008 and remains in recession in early 2009."

Mr Hogan said ANZ had revised its unemployment rate forecasts in response to the February survey. The bank now expected the jobless rate to reach 6.5 per cent by the end of 2009 before climbing further to 7.5 per cent by the middle of 2010.

"These job advertisement numbers, based on historical relationships, suggests the risks to our forecasts are for higher unemployment," Mr Hogan said. The Australian Bureau of Statistics publishes the February labour force report at 1130 AEDT on Thursday. The market forecast at the start of the week was for the nation to have lost 20,000 jobs in February, with the unemployment rate tipped to reach five per cent, up from 4.8 per cent in January.

The number of job advertisements in major metropolitan newspapers fell by 25.2 per cent in February to an average of 8,524 a week, which more than reversed the 12.3 per cent rise recorded in January. Newspaper advertisements have fallen 55.4 per cent in the year to February, the quickest pace of decline on record.

Newspaper job advertisements were lower in all states and territories, with the largest falls recorded in the Northern Territory (down 33.8 per cent), Western Australia (down 29.8 per cent) and the ACT, where ads fell 27.4 per cent.
Newspaper job ads were down 26.5 per cent in Queensland and 25.8 per cent in NSW, while they slumped 22.2 per cent in South Australia, 19.5 per cent in Tasmania and were 18.3 per cent lower in Victoria.

Internet job advertisements slipped 9.4 per cent in February, for an annual pace of decline of 38.6 per cent.


'Worst ever' as of late 2008 and early 2009:

Worst economy recorded ever (Billions of dollars lost in stock-market)
Worst weather recorded ever (42-46c)
Worst bushfire ever (208 death)
Worst unemployment ever (Thousands unemployed or being layoff)
Worst fall in job ads (advertisement) ever

PM and MPs said, “It will get worst before it gets better.”