FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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29 June 2011

Christine Lagarde: Director of IMF

COMMENT:

This kind of crap just fuels conspiracy theories. They have picked a new leader for the IMF and her name is Christine Lagarde. She is a Jewish. Most leaders of the IMF have been Jewish. Most leaders of the Federal Reserve have been Jewish. Why do they always pick the leaders from this small group of people? It makes the Jews kind of monopoly the system. 

They had a chance to pick someone who for once wasn't Jewish but they did not. Come on! How about a Christian or Hindu (or MUSLIM) for once. 

Source: http://lunaticoutpost.com/Topic-IMF-new-leader-Jewish


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Source:
http://www.businessinsider.com/10-things-you-should-know-about-christine-lagarde-2011-6
(28th June 2011)


THINGS You Should Know About Christine Lagarde, The Next Director Of The IMF :

Lagarde worked in the US House of Representatives as an intern to former Representative, and former Treasury Secretary, William Cohen during the mid-1970's. Lagarde's time on Capitol Hill, and working alongside a renowned American economist, is almost surely why so many American policy makers are backing Lagarde for the IMF job. [Source: LA Times]

She was a Managing Partner for a Chicago-based law firm - Lagarde's professional career ed her to the top of the Chicago-based law firm Baker & McKenzie, who she joined as a young lawyer in 1981. By 1999, she was Chairman of the firm's executive committee and by 2004, she was running the firm's Global Strategic Committee. [Source: Government of France]

She is the first woman to head up France's economic policy - Her role as Finance Minister made Lagarde the most powerful woman in French finance and the only woman in history to set economic policy for a G8 nation. Lagarde has been active in the job, making moves to ameliorate the problems surrounding France's 35 hour work week, changing archaic pension laws and becoming the FT's best economic advisor in the Eurozone. [Source: FT]

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http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Lagarde-could-be-appointed-IMF-chief-today-pd20110628-J9DZA?opendocument&src=rss (28th June 2011)

Christine Lagarde named IMF chief
Published 8:22 PM, 28 Jun 2011, Last update 11:51 AM, 29 June 2011
[Reuters]

WASHINGTON - French Finance Minister Christine Lagarde has clinched the top job at the IMF, keeping the international lender in the hands of a European at a time of growing concern over a possible Greek debt default. Ms Lagarde, who starts her five-year term as managing director on July 5, will find herself immediately immersed in efforts by the IMF and European Union to head off a Greek default that could touch off an international crisis.

Minutes after her appointment, Ms Lagarde pressed Greece to move quickly to push through unpopular austerity measures that the IMF and EU say are a prerequisite for further aid. "If I have one message tonight about Greece, it is to call on the Greek political opposition to support the party that is currently in power in a spirit of national unity," she told TF1 television.

Global stocks rose and the euro rallied as financial markets grew increasingly confident Greece's parliament would approve the five-year austerity program this week, which would unleash a €12 billion aid tranche from the IMF and EU.

Ms Lagarde, 55, the first woman to head the IMF, succeeds Dominique Strauss-Kahn, who resigned from the IMF in May to defend himself against charges of sexual assault against a New York hotel maid. He denies the charges. Her skills as a tough negotiator with a reputation for sealing deals under pressure will carry weight as she moves from defending France's economic interests to overseeing a global institution that must be seen as a neutral player around the world.