FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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06 December 2011

IBU KAHWIN ANAK KANDUNG SENDIRI !!



Komen:


Sudah berzina dengan anak kandung sendiri, tidak pula dikenakan hukuman penjara, atau disebat, atau direjam?! Kebebesan apa yang dipakai di Indonesia?! Undang-undang apa yang dipakai di Indonesia. Mana pergi ulama-ulama yang hebat, atau mahasiswa-mahasiswi yang menggegarkan media massa?! Waduhhhh, sungguh aku tak mengerti kedua-dua orang Indonesia ini?! Tunggulah TUHAN turunkan hukuman yang amat pedas nanti !!

Kalau bapak kahwin dengan anak gadisnya, bukankah itu dikira ROGOL?! Ibu kahwin anak jantan pula tak apa, dibolehkan?! Itu namanya DOUBLE STANDARD !!

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Source:

AKHIR ZAMAN ....

IBU KAHWIN ANAK KANDUNG SENDIRI !!
Posted on the December 4th, 2011

INDONESIA - Tidak tahu hendak mula di mana tapi penulis sendiri ada rasa hendak muntah sepanjang menonton dan mendengar klip yang mana seorang ibu sanggup kahwin dengan anak lelakinya sendiri. Pengakuan (Confession) itu dirakamkan dalam program d’show di negara jiran (Indonesia).

Sudah la ibu dan anak itu tidak malu, di kalangan penonton ada yang bertudung dan bersorak-sorak seolah-olah apa yang mereka saksikan itu macam tidak ada apa-apa serta satu bentuk hiburan.

Benda gila itu boleh pula dibincangkan seperti satu benda ilmiah (dan hiburan). Si ibu siap ada sebut Alhamdulillah lagi (minit 2.01). Mereka juga berkata bersama ketika anak-anak lain sudah tidur. Yang paling tidak masuk akal bila perempuan si ibu itu berkata; “Yang penting saya nggak berzina sama orang, sama anak sendiri”.

Penulis melihat perempuan tua itu sebagai mengambil kesempatan pada anaknya sendiri. Anaknya berkata dia menolak hubungan itu tetapi dipaksa ibunya. Apa pun, jijiknya perangai kedua-dua manusia ni. Penulis harap benda seperti ini jangan sama sekali dijadikan ikutan. Tolonglah. Dan…patut direjam sahaja dua beranak gila ini .... !!

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Source:


Jangan Ditiru Emak Kahwini ANAK




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COMMENT: WE welcome the Indonesian couple above to stay/live/visit Saudi Arabia, and continue their relationship there!! Talking about Islam in Indonesia?! They are all confused about religion, and their social life!

[Couple = Two people who are married, and are living together, OR have an intimate relationship (Encarta ® World English Dictionary © & (P) 1998-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved)].



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