FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

03 October 2009

Ribut Mungkin Makin Kuat di Padang, Indonesia?!



Tommy Kurniawan, jika ditanya kepada sesiapa sahaja secara rawak, tidak ramai yang berani mengaku mereka pernah menonton filem lucah. Tetapi tidak bagi pelakon yang semakin meningkat naik, Tommy Kurniawan. Hal tersebut bukanlah sesuatu perkara yang perlu dimalukan.

“Saya tidak perlu berbohong, memang saya suka menonton filem lucah dan ia berlaku agak kerap. Tetapi itu dulu, ketika di zaman sekolah. Kalau sekarang, saya dah jarang menonton filem sebegitu,” tuturnya berterus-terang ketika ditemui di lokasi penggambaran drama Innayah di Cirendeu Tangerang, Banten. Bagaimanapun dia hairan mengapa kehadiran bintang filem porno Jepun, Maria Ozawa ke Indonesia dihalang oleh pihak berkuasa.

“Saya tidak faham apa kesalahannya sehingga tidak dibenarkan datang ke Indonesia. Dia datang ke sini bukan untuk melakukan seks. Lagipun, menjadi bintang filem porno juga merupakan kerjayanya,” tegas aktor berusia 25 tahun itu.

Bagaimanapun, ditanya tentang keinginannya untuk bertemu dengan Maria, Tommy berkata: “Kalau saya masih di zaman sekolah, mungkin saya teruja untuk bertemu dengan wanita itu.”
Komen: Awas! Ribut taufan mungkin makin kuat di Padang, Indonesia, dan juga di beberapa tempat lain…disebabkan manusia macam ini… Kita tunggu berita.


Komen: Awas! Ribut taufan mungkin makin kuat di Padang, Indonesia, dan juga di beberapa tempat lain…disebabkan manusia macam ini… Kita tunggu berita.





Posted by at
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)