FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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10 June 2014

Menyimbah Anak dengan Air Panas !


http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/Mahkamah/20140610/ma_01/Simbah-anak-enam-tahun-dengan-air-panas  (10 Jun 2014)

Simbah anak enam tahun dengan air panas


Nor Zuliana Tahir (kiri) dan Zuhairy Kassim dibawa keluar dari Mahkamah Ampang, Selangor, semalam atas tuduhan mendera anaknya hingga mati.

KUALA LUMPUR 9 Jun - Sepasang suami isteri yang dipercayai bertindak kejam mendera dengan menyimbah air panas terhadap anak lelaki mereka yang berusia enam tahun sehingga menyebabkan mangsa meninggal dunia, dihadapkan ke Mahkamah Ampang, dekat sini hari ini.

Di Mahkamah Majistret, ibu kandung mangsa, Nor Zuliana Tahir, 32, dan bapa tiri, Zuhairy Kassim, 38, mengaku tidak bersalah atas pertuduhan bersama-sama menganiaya Muhammad Akhil Mustaqim Rasidy di rumah bernombor 13-3 Pangsapuri Permai Ria, Tasik Permai, dekat sini kira-kira pukul 12.30 tengah hari antara 23 Mei dan 25 Mei lalu.

Bagi pertuduhan tersebut, mereka didakwa mengikut Seksyen 31(1)(a) Akta Kanak-Kanak 2001 yang memperuntukkan hukuman penjara sehingga 10 tahun atau denda atau kedua-duanya.
Majistret Ayuni Izzati Sulaiman tidak membenarkan jaminan terhadap Nor Zuliana yang merupakan suri rumah dan pasangannya yang bekerja sebagai pemandu teksi.

Sementara itu, di Mahkamah Sesyen, Nor Zuliana juga mengaku tidak bersalah atas pertuduhan menyebabkan kematian anak kandungnya itu pada masa, tarikh dan tempat yang sama.

Pertuduhan itu dikemukakan mengikut Seksyen 304(a) Kanun Keseksaan yang boleh dihukum penjara sehingga 30 tahun dan denda jika sabit kesalahan.

Hakim Unaizah Mohd. turut tidak membebaskan wanita itu dengan jaminan.
Beliau bagaimanapun membenarkan permohonan peguam tertuduh untuk mengemukakan hujahan agar anak guam mereka itu dibenarkan diikat jamin, esok.

Pendakwaan dikendalikan oleh Timbalan Pendakwa Raya, Goh Ai Rene manakala kedua-dua tertuduh diwakili peguam-peguam Donny Abdullah dan Badrul Munir Mohd. Bukhari.

Mahkamah menetapkan sebutan semula kedua-dua pertuduhan itu pada 18 Julai ini.
Akhbar melaporkan mangsa yang merupakan anak keempat daripada lima adik beradik ditemui tidak sedarkan diri kira-kira pukul 1 tengah hari oleh ibunya di rumah mereka.

Kanak-kanak malang itu kemudian disahkan meninggal dunia selepas dihantar ibunya ke Hospital Ampang.
Kesemua anak mereka kini ditempatkan di bawah penjagaan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM).