FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

01 July 2020

Indonesian actress Laudya Cynthia Bella and Malaysian husband Engku Emran call it quits after two years of marriage ?!



SOURCE: 
https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/indonesian-actress-laudya-cynthia-bella-040310644.html



Indonesian actress Laudya Cynthia Bella and Malaysian husband Engku Emran call it quits after two years of marriage

Melanie Chalil

Bella says that she and Emran have agreed to part on good terms. ― Picture via Instagram/@laudya_cynthiabellaa

KUALA LUMPUR, July 1 ― Popular Indonesian actress Laudya Cynthia Bella has confirmed that her marriage to Malaysian husband Engku Emran has officially ended after weeks of speculation.
The actress, affectionately known to many as Bella, broke the news to Indonesian media outlets earlier today.
“Regarding the current news about my household, I want to explain that the two of us have agreed to part on good terms,” Bella said.
Bella admitted she has been trying to save her marriage for a long time but fate decided otherwise for the couple.
The 32-year-old Surga Yang Tak Dirindukan star from Bandung married Emran, a Malaysian media strategist in September 2017.
“We have tried everything and this is God’s will that our marriage ends here.
“We’ve been through all the processes and as of this moment, it’s all over,” said Bella.
Looking back on her marriage of two years as Emran’s wife, Bella said she had plenty of fond memories.
“He has been my husband of two years, there’s a lot of good, wisdom and lessons that I learned.
“I hope I can use these lessons to be a better woman,” she said.
The actress and singer hoped the announcement would answer any questions that the public had about her marriage.
“I hope I’ve answered all the media’s questions.
“I’m sorry if I offended anyone, I need all your support,” she added.
According to Indonesian news site Kompas, cracks began showing in the couple’s marriage late last year when Emran’s photo was no longer seen on Bella’s Instagram account.
The couple also unfollowed each other on Instagram, further fuelling rumours of a shaky union.
By the end of June, Emran deleted photos of Bella from his Instagram account, also removing a profile picture of Bella and his daughter Aleesya from a previous marriage.
The former Suria FM chief operating officer, whose real name is Engku Emran Engku Zainal Abidin was previously married to Malaysian beauty queen-turned-actress Erra Fazira from 2007 to 2014.


.
Posted by at
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)