FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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04 February 2021

Ketua Geng 36 diburu !!!

SOURCE: https://malaysiagazette.com/2021/02/02/ketua-geng-36-bernama-tan-diburu/ Ketua Geng 36 bernama Tan diburu By Kumara Sabapatty - 2 February 2021
Ketua Geng 36 Bukit Belimbing bernama Tan campuran India Cina antara 23 suspek dikehendaki polis dalam kes pergaduhan dua geng yang merebut kawasan jualan dadah di Taman Juara Jaya, Batu 9, Cheras Kajang kelmarin. KUALA LUMPUR – Seramai 13 individu telah direman bagi membantu siasatan kes pergaduhan antara geng 08 Sungai Besi Indah, Serdang dan Geng 36 Bukit Belimbing di Kajang kelmarin. Ketua Jabatan Siasatan Jenayah Selangor, Senior Asisten Komisioner Datuk Fadzil Ahmat berkata, tujuh daripadanya ditahan di Serdang manakala enam lagi suspek ditahan secara berasingan di Kajang. Kes disiasat di bawah Seksyen 326 dan Seksyen 148 Kanun Keseksaan. Beliau turut memaklumkan Jabatan Siasatan Jenayah Selangor sedang memburu 23 lagi individu suspek yang sangat dikehendaki dalam kes pergaduhan dua geng tersebut termasuk ketua geng 36 itu yang dikenali sebagai Tan. ‘Salah seorang daripada 23 suspek yang sangat dikehendaki dan sedang diburu polis adalah seorang lelaki berkulit cerah campuran India dan Cina yang merupakan Ketua Geng 36 Bukit Belimbing, Kajang dikenali sebagai Tan (nama sebenar Tan Eng Sun) yang bertatu di dada dan tangan,” katanya. Foto wajah kesemua 23 suspek yang disyaki ahli kedua-dua geng itu dikeluarkan untuk dikesan bagi membantu siasatan kes tersebut. Kesemua suspek yang sedang diburu polis itu berusia antara 20 hingga 43 tahun. Mereka berasal dari taman perumahan di Seri Kembangan, Sungai Besi Indah, Balakong, Rawang, Klang dan Johor. -MalaysiaGazette .
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