FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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30 November 2009

Alcohol... Danger ... Vices

URLhttp://au.movies.yahoo.com/news/article/-/6530114/david-hasselhoff-rushed-to-hospital/ (Accessed on 30th November 2009)

David Hasselhoff Rushed to Hospital
Yahoo!7 Movies November 30, 2009, 9:34 am

Former Baywatch star, David Hasselhoff was admitted to hospital on Friday after suffering a seizure, according to a new US report.RadarOnline.com claims the star's daughter, Hayley, called emergency services when her father fell ill.The actor was reportedly taken to Los Angeles' Cedars-Sinai Medical Center by ambulance for treatment."I asked one of the paramedics how David was doing and he told me his eyes were rolling back into his head, he was drooling and that he'd had a seizure. This isn't the first time this has happened to him," said Hasselhoff's neighbour, Christian.

A spokesperson for the LA City Fire Department confirms: "Paramedics were called to (a house) in Encino for medical aid. Paramedics arrived at approximately 11:51 am and later transported the patient a nearby hospital."Hasselhoff was apparently drinking throughout the thanksgiving holiday that may have ended up triggering the attack and saw one of his personal doctors on Wednesday after returning from a trip to Canada. The website claims has been hospitalized for alcohol poisoning over five times in just the past year alone, the most recent in October when he was admitted to rehab amid reports he accidentally hit a doctor during a booze binge.Hasselhoff's reps have denied any alcohol related issues in the past.

Comments:

This is not the first time famous actors and actress (and ordinary people) felt very ill due to alcohol related issue. That is why in Islam, alcohol drinking is prohibited, not even a drop is allowed.

Because, if a drop is allowed, people would want another drop, then another drop, and eventually felt addicted to drink the whole barrel.

Also when people are not sober, they tend to do nasty things, such as, quarrel, street fighting, to other social-ills and crime related issues.

Think about it.

24 November 2009

Police Abuse of Power


URLhttp://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/mp/6507030/teen-killed-by-ny-police-shot-11-times/ (Accessed on 24th November 2009)

Teen killed by NY police 'shot 11 times'
AAP November 23, 2009, 4:56 pm
A teenager killed in a confrontation with New York City police over the weekend was shot 11 times, the medical examiner's office said. Dashawn Vasconcellos, 18, died of gunshot wounds to the torso, neck and extremities, medical examiner spokeswoman Ellen Borakove said. Police fired a total of 14 times, chief NYPD spokesman Paul J Browne said.

According to an autopsy completed late on Sunday, Vasconcellos had three gunshot wounds in the middle of his back, five in his right side and three on his left side, Borakove said. Five police bullets were recovered during the autopsy, she said.

Vasconcellos and two others were spotted leaving a city park in the city's Queens borough about 11.30pm on Saturday (3.30pm Sunday AEDT) by four officers in an unmarked car. Vasconcellos ran and was pursued by three officers. He then turned and pointed a 9mm semiautomatic pistol at them, Browne said.

"They ordered him to drop the gun, and he did not comply. Three officers fired a total of 14 shots," Browne said. Vasconcellos, who was also carrying a boxcutter, did not fire his gun. He was pronounced dead at Jamaica Hospital. The men with Vasconcellos, who did not flee police, have been questioned by officers. It's unclear why the men were in the park after hours.
Fatal police-involved shootings have led to protests in New York City and prosecutions of police officers.

In 2008, a judge acquitted three police officers in the fatal shooting of Sean Bell, an unarmed man killed in a 50-shot barrage on his wedding day. Bell was killed outside a strip club on November 25, 2006, as he was leaving his bachelor party. Undercover officers investigating reports of prostitution at the club said they thought one of the men in Bell's group had a gun.

Ten years ago, in 1999, 22-year-old Amadou Diallo was killed when he was struck 19 times by 41 bullets fired by police officers who mistook his wallet for a gun. The officers were acquitted in the February 1999 fatal shooting of the African immigrant.

Comment:

Police work is very stressful at times, and sometimes ‘mistakes’ are made, but what if that ‘mistakes’ took someone else life? IF a civilian mistakenly took someone else life, he goes to jail for it. Don’t you think a police officer should be responsible and goes to jail for it too? After all, a police officer should be highly train to handle stressful situation, right? And not just shoot and shoot, out of fright (panic / fear)!!

23 November 2009

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Source:
URL http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml


Article 13.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14.
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15.
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16.
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17.
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19.
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.


RIGHTS TO WORK & EDUCATION

Article 23.
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25.
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26.
(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.


12 November 2009

Abuse of Power in SPRM?!

URLhttp://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2009&dt=1112&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Mahkamah&pg=ma_07.htm (12th November 2009)

Saksi kes Norza dakwa didera pegawai SPRM
TEMERLOH 11 Nov. - Seorang saksi perbicaraan kes rasuah membabitkan Datuk Mohamad Norza Zakaria dan ejennya, Halimi Kamaruzzaman mendakwa dia terpaksa memberi keterangan palsu kerana tidak tahan didera secara fizikal dan mental.

Mohd. Taupik Hussain (Ketua Pemuda UMNO) berkata, dia merasa cukup trauma sehingga mendorong memberi keterangan palsu kepada pegawai penyiasat Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia (SPRM) Kuantan yang menyoal siasatnya pada 23 Januari 2009 lalu. Ahli perniagaan berusia 39 tahun itu berkata demikian semasa disoal oleh peguam Datuk Seri Muhammad Shafee Abdullah pada prosiding mencabar kebolehpercayaannya di hadapan Hakim Mahkamah Sesyen, Azuar Che Yusof hari ini.

Menjawab soalan peguam bela yang mewakili Datuk Mohamad Norza itu, Mohd. Taupik memberitahu, dia dibawa ke pejabat SPRM Kuantan pada 22 Januari lalu ke sebuah bilik dan diarahkan menanggalkan pakaian kecuali seluar dalam. Dia mendakwa telah diarah melakukan ketuk ketampi, tekan-tubi dan berguling-guling di atas lantai selain kepalanya turut diketuk dengan kasutnya oleh tiga pegawai terbabit mulai kira-kira pukul 5 petang. ''Paha saya disepak dan pinggul saya dipijak sambil mereka bertanya soalan yang sama berulang kali sama ada saya ada berjumpa dengan Datuk Norza dan menerima sampul surat daripada beliau.

''Proses penderaan berkenaan berlarutan sehingga pukul 11 malam sebelum saya diarahkan untuk menandatangani surat Orang Kena Tahan, sebelas minit selepas itu,'' dakwanya. Keesokan harinya, dia mendakwa dibawa semula ke pejabat yang sama pada pukul 11 pagi sebelum keterangannya tidak bertemu dan menerima sampul surat daripada Mohamad Norza diambil. Katanya, kira-kira enam jam kemudian, dia dibawa semula ke bilik soal siasat dan kali ini dia dihina serta diugut oleh empat pegawai SPRM.

''Mereka mengugut akan mengeluarkan waran tangkap untuk menahan saya dalam masa tujuh hari lagi sekiranya saya tidak mahu bekerjasama,'' kata Ketua Pemuda UMNO Wangsa Maju itu. Akibat tidak tahan dan berasa tertekan dengan penderaan serta ugutan, Mohd. Taupik mendakwa, dia terpaksa membuat kenyataan palsu bahawa dia menemui dan menerima kira-kira 20 keping sampul surat putih. Dia mendakwa menerima sampul surat itu yang diikat dengan getah daripada Mohamad Norza di tepi jalan berhampiran Mont Kiara pada pukul 8 malam, 19 Januari lalu.

Datuk Mohamad Norza, 43, iaitu bekas anggota Majlis Tertinggi (MT) UMNO dituduh memberi suapan RM1,500 kepada Khadri Musa menerusi Halimi untuk diagihkan kepada perwakilan sebagai dorongan untuk memenangi jawatan MT pada Perhimpunan Agung UMNO Mac lepas. Bekas Ketua Pemuda UMNO Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur itu juga dituduh memberi suapan RM1,900 kepada Mohammad Anuar Mohd. Yunus menerusi Halimi bagi tujuan sama.

Kedua-dua tuduhan itu didakwa dilakukan di No. 38, Pinggiran Tasik, Taman Bandar Temerloh pada 6.30 petang, 20 Januari lalu. Halimi, 47, pula dituduh memberikan suapan itu kepada Khadri dan Mohammad Anuar pada tarikh dan tempat yang sama. Dalam keterangannya, Mohd. Taupik turut memberitahu, dia terpaksa mereka-reka cerita dalam kenyataan kedua kepada SPRM selain masih merasa malu, sedih dan takut dengan penderaan pegawai-pegawai berkenaan. Menjawab soalan lain Muhammad Shafee, Mohd. Taupik menyatakan dia masih menyimpan kasut yang digunakan untuk mengetuk kepalanya oleh pegawai SPRM.

''Ya, saya masih menyimpannya dan mahu jadikan ia sebagai kenangan,'' katanya sambil mengeluarkan sepasang kasut warna hitam dari sebuah beg. Perbicaraan bersambung esok.

Comment:
How can SPRM solve problem in term of corruption, when they themselves are involved in corruption (i.e. abuse of power).