FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

01 January 2010

Another Security Nuisances & Wastages Spending for 2010

URLhttp://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/world/6635613/obama-summons-intel-chiefs-for-washington-talks/ (1st January 2010)

Obama summons intel chiefs for Washington talks
Jeff Mason, Reuters January 1, 2010, 12:31 pm
KANEOHE, Hawaii (Reuters) - President Barack Obama on Thursday summoned U.S. intelligence chiefs to a meeting next week to discuss how to prevent a repeat of the attempted bombing of a Detroit-bound airliner on December 25.Seeking to quell criticism of his administration over an intelligence breakdown, Obama said he was briefed by his top advisers and would get assessments from intelligence agencies later on Thursday and study them over the weekend before returning to Washington from Hawaii. Obama had ordered an immediate review of what he called "human and systemic failures" that allowed the accused bomber, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, a 23-year-old Nigerian with alleged links to Islamic militants, to get on the trans-Atlantic flight from Amsterdam.

Comment:

How can you stop someone who wants to bomb-up themself? You cannot !! He doesn't need to get on a plane to BOMB you. All he need to do is to get on a bus full of people, and detonated himself! And at least 40 Americans are gone! Or a building full of people... and you know what happen next. But the real issue here is, why would anyone want to blow-up himself ?? Would you ??

The man in this case is a son of a prominent business man from Nigeria, and not a bitch or drug addict in New York street, definitely he love his life more than the 'low life' drug addict American man... but what push him to do as he does?

I tell you what push him... ITS racism and prejudice, its religious bais, its all talk about civil society (and no real practical application of such ethics in American society), its Arab-phobia, its Islam-phobia (and wrong protrayal of Islam by Western-Jews media), its Palestinian suffering!!

Its 'NO jobs' ... no fair opportunities for the Blacks, Arabs, and Asians... ITS White man prejudices and discriminations... and what are the American policy-makers doing? They spent billions dollars more (on the order of the Jews elites in Washington) on security measures and machines!! What a joke! (But at least, more security is good for the Jews).

Thats not the solution to the 'security problem'. IT should be a fairer USA, a prejudice minimal society, fair job opportunties for all in the USA, better international relations with other countries... and come on, minimize the Jews-relations for a while!! Treat other races more fairly, more equally... Then USA security will not be compromised !! Got that !! (Not to the extend that everyone must undress at the airport, being shouted at by security personnels, have their begs overturn, and a small perfume bottle or hair-cream - being ridiculously stared at for 'fear' of bomb threat !! ).... COME on... Obama can do better public relations than that !! DONT let the Jews Elites pulled you by the nose !!

The American people (of all races and religions) must rally for equal rights and opportunities... and fair treatments!!
.
Posted by at