FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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02 March 2010

Anak Bekas Mufti 'Tiada Tauliah' ?!

Komen:

Di mana pergi nya hadis nabi yang menyuruh kita 'sampaikan (ajaran Islam) walaupun satu ayat.'

Penceramah adalah lulusan BA dan MA dlm kes ini...dan dalam kes bekas mufti Perlis, Dr Asri pula, beliau adalah lulusan PhD, dari UIA, bukankah itu 'kelayakan' dan tauliah tertinggi??!
Susahnya lah walaupun orang nak buat baik...


URLhttp://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0302&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Mahkamah&pg=ma_01.htm (2nd March 2010)
Anak bekas mufti didakwa
Oleh AINOL AMRIZ ISMAIL
utusanN9@utusan.com.my
Fathul Bari Mat Jahya (kiri) ketika berada di Mahkamah Rendah Syariah Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, semalam.
________________________________________

KUALA PILAH 1 Mac – Anak bekas Mufti Perlis, Fathul Bari Mat Jahya mengaku tidak bersalah ketika didakwa dalam perbicaraan di Mahkamah Rendah Syariah di sini hari ini atas tuduhan mengajar tanpa tauliah di negeri ini.

Tiga pengikut kanannya, Abdullah Sanusi Othman, 40; Nik Amirul Faiz Nik Md. Yusof, 25; dan Khairudin Daud, 55, masing-masing turut membuat pengakuan yang sama atas kesalahan bersubahat dengan pendakwah bebas itu.


Fathul Bari, 30, didakwa mengajar tanpa tauliah di Maahad Ittiba Sunnah, Kilometer 1.5, Jalan Lama Seremban-Kuala Pilah, semalam. Dakwaan terhadapnya dikemukakan oleh Pendakwa Syarie, Mohd. Al Hafid Ismail mengikut Seksyen 53(1) Enakmen Jenayah Syariah Negeri Sembilan 1992 (Pindaan 2004).


Ketiga-tiga pengikutnya pula didakwa bersubahat dengan Fathul Bari pada tarikh dan tempat yang sama mengikut Seksyen 34 Enakmen Jenayah Syariah Negeri Sembilan 1992 (Pindaan 2004) yang dibaca bersama Seksyen 37 enakmen sama.


Bagi kesemua pertuduhan tersebut, setiap tertuduh boleh didenda RM3,000 atau penjara dua tahun. Hakim Syarie, Zainal Abidin Kusemin membenarkan Fathul Bari dibebaskan dengan jaminan RM2,200 bersama dua penjamin di kalangan penjawat awam.


Beliau juga memerintahkan ketiga-tiga pengikut penceramah itu masing-masing dibebaskan dengan jaminan RM2,000 berserta seorang penjamin di kalangan penjawat awam. Zainal menetapkan 5 April ini untuk perbicaraan kes tersebut.


Terdahulu, Fathul Bari memohon jaminan dikurangkan di antara RM50 dan RM100 dengan alasan dia masih belajar di Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (UIAM). Fathul Bari yang beralamat di Utan Kandis, Arau, Perlis merupakan lulusan Universiti Madinah dan memperoleh Ijazah Sarjana di Jordan. Dia kini mengikuti pengajian peringkat Doktor Falsafah di UIAM.


Semalam Fathul Bari bersama tiga pengikut kanannya ditahan anggota penguat kuasa Jabatan Hal Ehwal Agama Islam Negeri Sembilan (JHEAINS) ketika sedang mengajar di hadapan hampir 50 orang awam di Maahad Ittiba Sunnah.


Kesemua mereka ditahan pada pukul 11.30 pagi sebelum dibawa ke Balai Polis Kuala Pilah untuk siasatan. Beberapa buku dan peralatan yang digunakan turut dirampas dalam serbuan itu.





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