FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.
According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].
* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:
Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression
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29 September 2011
Ramai rakyat Malaysia Menjadi Mangsa Penipuan Kad Kredit di Vietnam
20 September 2011
POLIS Koperal Jenain di Penjara 5 Tahun !
Jenain fail rayuan ketepi hukuman
SHAH ALAM 19 Sept. - Anggota polis, Koperal Jenain Subi yang dihukum penjara lima tahun bagi kesalahan menyebabkan kematian remaja berusia 15 tahun, Aminulrasyid Amzah, hari ini memfailkan rayuan bagi mengetepikan sabitan dan hukuman tersebut.
Permohonan itu difailkan dua peguamnya, Salim Bashir dan Halim Ashgar Mohd. Hilmi di Kaunter Pendaftaran Jenayah, Kompleks Mahkamah di sini, pada 12.45 tengah hari ini.
Jenain yang tidak terus menjalani hukuman selepas permohonan penangguhan pelaksanaan hukuman penjara tersebut dibenarkan hadir semasa rayuan berkenaan difailkan.
Pihak pendakwaan yang diwakili Timbalan Pendakwa Raya, Mohd. Dusuki Mokhtar turut memfailkan rayuan pada hari ini kerana tidak berpuas hati dengan hukuman tersebut.
Pada 15 September lalu, Jenain dihukum penjara lima tahun oleh Mahkamah Sesyen selepas didapati bersalah atas tuduhan menyebabkan kematian Aminulrasyid yang ditembak di kepala pada April tahun lalu.
Dia dibicarakan mengikut Seksyen 304(a) Kanun Keseksaan yang memperuntukkan hukuman penjara maksimum 30 tahun dan boleh dikenakan denda.