FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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20 September 2011

POLIS Koperal Jenain di Penjara 5 Tahun !


Komen:

Masa jadi polis dulu syok sampai ke langit, syok pegang pistol hidup, lebih malang lagi tembak budak berusia 15 tahun, apakah kesalahan budak itu, sampai kena tembak di kepala? Apakah salahnya jikalau ditembak di kaki atau badan dahulu. Lesen memegang pistol, bukanya bererti boleh menembak sesiapa yang disukai atau tidak disukai.

Hakim hanya beri hukuman 5 tahun sahaja, itu pun masih hendak berdolak dalik lagi ?! Apa sudah jadi ?!


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(20 Sept 2011)

Jenain fail rayuan ketepi hukuman

SHAH ALAM 19 Sept. - Anggota polis, Koperal Jenain Subi yang dihukum penjara lima tahun bagi kesalahan menyebabkan kematian remaja berusia 15 tahun, Aminulrasyid Amzah, hari ini memfailkan rayuan bagi mengetepikan sabitan dan hukuman tersebut.

Permohonan itu difailkan dua peguamnya, Salim Bashir dan Halim Ashgar Mohd. Hilmi di Kaunter Pendaftaran Jenayah, Kompleks Mahkamah di sini, pada 12.45 tengah hari ini.

Jenain yang tidak terus menjalani hukuman selepas permohonan penangguhan pelaksanaan hukuman penjara tersebut dibenarkan hadir semasa rayuan berkenaan difailkan.

Pihak pendakwaan yang diwakili Timbalan Pendakwa Raya, Mohd. Dusuki Mokhtar turut memfailkan rayuan pada hari ini kerana tidak berpuas hati dengan hukuman tersebut.

Pada 15 September lalu, Jenain dihukum penjara lima tahun oleh Mahkamah Sesyen selepas didapati bersalah atas tuduhan menyebabkan kematian Aminulrasyid yang ditembak di kepala pada April tahun lalu.

Dia dibicarakan mengikut Seksyen 304(a) Kanun Keseksaan yang memperuntukkan hukuman penjara maksimum 30 tahun dan boleh dikenakan denda.

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Source:
http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/Policeconstableorderedtoenterdefenceforshootingwife/Article/ (20 Sept 2011)

KUALA LUMPUR: The Sessions Court here today ordered a police constable to enter his defence for shooting his wife last year. Judge Mohamad Sekeri Mamat made the decision after finding that the prosecution had succeeded in establishing a prima facie case against T. Ravindran, 31, at the end of the prosecution case.

"The sixth prosecution witness, who is also the victim in the case, G. Prema,25, in her testimony said that the accused came to her house on March 2, 2010, to discuss the status of their marriage with her father, A. Ganason, who is the seventh prosecution witness.

"When she went to her room to take her jewellery and return them to Ravindran, he followed her into the room, pushed her down on the floor and shot her. "Based on her testimony, which was supported by the testimonies given by her father and brother G. Davendran, the prosecution had managed to establish a prima facie case against the accused, therefore I call upon the accused to enter his defence," he said.

Ravindran was charged with shooting Prema using a .38 Smith & Wesson revolver, which could cause the death of the victim, at Blok D-10-09, Program Perumahan Rakyat Kerinchi, Pantai Dalam, Brickfields, at 9.40pm on March 2 last year.

The charge under Section 307 of the Penal Code carries a maximum jail term of 20 years.

Deputy public prosecutor Lokman Kasim prosecuted. -- BERNAMA


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http://www.hmetro.com.my/myMetro/articles/Dibelasahkeranategurpolis/Article/index_html
(27 SEPT 2011)

Dibelasah kerana tegur polis
JITRA: Hanya kerana menegur perbuatan seorang anggota polis membuang sampah di luar tong sampah, seorang pekerja syarikat pembersihan sisa pepejal menanggung padah apabila mendakwa dibelasah anggota itu dan lima rakannya serta diugut ditembak di Taman Bahagia, Kodiang, dekat sini, Sabtu lalu.

Dalam kejadian jam 11.20 pagi itu, Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Noor, 23, dari Jalan Sanglang, dekat Kodiang, turut digari sebelum dimasukkan ke lokap di Balai Polis Kodiang.

Mohd Ridzuan berkata, dia menjalankan tugas harian mengangkut sampah di situ sebelum seorang lelaki berusia 40-an membuang sampah di luar tong sampah.

Katanya, dia yang kecewa dengan sikap lelaki itu menegur perbuatannya supaya membuang sampah itu ke dalam tong disediakan.

“Dia berang dan mempersoalkan tindakan saya, malah bertambah berang apabila melihat saya tidak tahu dia adalah polis. “Dia yang berpakaian preman turut mengugut menembak saya jika membawa pistolnya bersama,” katanya ketika ditemui di rumahnya di Jalan Sanglang, Kodiang, semalam.

Katanya, selepas bertengkar, anggota terbabit meninggalkan kawasan itu sambil memberi amaran kepadanya supaya berhati-hati dan sekali lagi mengugut untuk menembaknya.

Menurutnya, setengah jam kemudian lelaki itu datang semula bersama lima rakannya dipercayai polis berpakaian preman berusia 30-an.

“Tanpa usul periksa, mereka menendang saya sehingga terjatuh. Selepas itu, muka, tangan dan perut saya disepak sebelum digari dan dibawa ke Balai Polis Kodiang dengan motosikal,” katanya.

Menurutnya, kejadian disaksikan orang ramai tetapi tidak boleh berbuat apa-apa kerana menyangka polis menangkap penjenayah.

Menurutnya, sebaik tiba di balai polis berkenaan, dia dibawa ke dalam sebuah bilik sebelum dipukul dengan rotan, selain ditendang sehingga tidak bermaya.

"Lelaki yang bertengkar dengan saya itu turut menendang bahagian muka saya dan dia sekali lagi mengugut akan menembak saya," katanya.

Mohd Ridzuan kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam lokap sebelum dibebaskan setengah jam kemudian.

Katanya, dia mendapatkan rawatan di Hospital Jitra dan doktor memaklumkan terdapat kesan lebam pada pipi kiri, rusuk kiri dan bahu. Mohd Ridzuan mendakwa pergelangan tangannya turut luka dan masih sakit akibat digari.

Mohd Ridzuan kemudian membuat laporan di Ibu Pejabat Polis Daerah (IPD) Kubang Pasu, di sini, pada jam 1.40 pagi Ahad lalu.

Sementara itu, Ketua Polis Daerah Kubang Pasu, Superintendan Ibrahim Mohamed Yusoff mengesahkan menerima laporan kejadian itu