FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

05 October 2011

Dadah dalam 'cappucino', 'coffeemix' dirampas !




Dadah dalam 'cappucino', 'coffeemix' dirampas



M. Govinden bersama pegawainya menunjukkan sebahagian dari peket 'Super Coffeemix' dan 'Good Day Cappucino' mengandungi syabu pada sidang akhbar di Kompleks Jabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia KLIA di Sepang, semalam.

SEPANG 4 Okt. - Pelbagai taktik terbaru digunakan oleh sindiket dadah antarabangsa untuk membawa masuk barang larangan tersebut ke negara ini namun ia berjaya dibanteras oleh Jabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia (JKDM).

Terbaru, JKDM Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA) berjaya menggagalkan cubaan menyeludup 1.9 kilogram dadah jenis syabu bernilai RM475,000 yang disorokkan dalam paket kecil 'cappucino' dan 'coffeemix'.

Sekali lagi, warga Iran dikenal pasti terlibat sebagai dalang membawa masuk bekalan dadah itu ke negara ini dan ia seperti sudah menjadi satu trend.

Pengarahnya, Datuk M. Govinden berkata, tangkapan itu berhasil selepas membuat pemantauan terhadap para penumpang yang tiba di negara ini melalui penerbangan Royal Jordanian dari Amman, Jordan.

Menurutnya, hasil pemeriksaan, JKDM menahan seorang pelancong wanita warga Iran kira-kira pukul 1 pagi Khamis lalu selepas curiga dengan barangan yang dibawa dalam dua buah beg berisi makanan ringan termasuk 'cappucino' dan 'coffeemix'.

"Imbasan awal mendapati tiada barangan yang mencurigakan ditemui dalam beg tersebut.

"Bagaimanapun selepas penumpang tersebut diarah membuka salah sebuah beg yang dimuatkan dengan makanan ringan seperti coklat, candy, cappucino, coffeemix, ia telah menimbulkan keraguan pegawai bertugas, lalu pelancong tersebut diarahkan untuk pemeriksaan rapi," katanya pada sidang akhbar di sini hari ini.

Ini merupakan kes kelima melibatkan warga Iran yang ditahan kerana cuba menyeludup masuk dadah ke negara ini sejak Ogos lalu.

Menurut Govinden, suspek berusia 24 tahun memasukkan 27 bungkusan kecil syabu dalam setiap paket cappucino daripada jenama Good Day Cappucino dan 36 peket lagi dalam satu pek Super Coffeemix.

"Kes ini diserahkan kepada Bahagian Penguatkuasaan JKDM KLIA untuk siasatan lanjut di bawah Seksyen 39B Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952, yang mana jika disabitkan kesalahan boleh dikenakan hukuman mati mandatori.

"Suspek ketika ini ditahan reman selama tujuh hari bagi membantu siasatan," katanya.

Govinden memberitahu, bermula Januari sehingga 1 Oktober lalu, JKDM berjaya menggagalkan 21 kes dengan rampasan 80 kilogram dadah daripada pelbagai jenis bernilai hampir RM8 juta.




Posted by at