FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

26 November 2011

Polis (ASP) dan Rasuah !


(26 Nov 2011)

ASP dipenjara, denda RM105,000

KUALA LUMPUR 25 Nov. - ''Ini pengadilan di dunia, saya membuat keputusan berdasarkan keterangan saksi dan bukti-bukti, jika keputusan saya ini betul terimalah ia sebagai kafarah (pelebur dosa) kepada kamu di akhirat nanti.''

Demikian kata-kata seorang hakim Mahkamah Sesyen di sini hari ini sebelum menjatuhkan hukuman penjara dua tahun dan denda RM105,000 ke atas seorang pegawai polis berpangkat Asisten Supritendan Polis (ASP) yang didapati bersalah atas dua tuduhan rasuah melibatkan RM21,000, tiga tahun lalu.

Hakim Rozilah Salleh memutuskan demikian terhadap Abd. Jalil Johari yang bertugas sebagai pegawai pentadbiran Ibu Pejabat Polis Daerah (IPD) Temerloh pada waktu kejadian, selepas mendapati tertuduh gagal menimbulkan keraguan munasabah terhadap kes pendakwaan.

Beliau juga menyatakan bahawa keterangan pembelaan tertuduh tiada merit dan tidak berasas.

Bagi tuduhan pertama, Abd. Jalil didakwa bersetuju menerima suapan RM6,000 daripada Rio Kamal sebagai dorongan untuk membantu menarik balik ketiga-tiga tuduhan melibatkan kesalahan dadah yang dihadapi oleh anak ahli perniagaan tersebut, Rio Elani.

Dia didakwa melakukan kesalahan itu kira-kira pukul 11.30 malam, 1 April 2008 di Tingkat 1, Gallery Lounge Hotel Dynasty, Jalan Ipoh, di sini.

Dia juga menghadapi tuduhan kedua iaitu cuba memperoleh wang suapan RM15,000 daripada Rio Kamal bagi tujuan sama pada pukul 9.30 malam, 21 Mac 2008 melalui perbualan telefon antara talian nombor 012-3770890 ke talian nombor 012-6832233.

Posted by at