FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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13 February 2012

Rasuah: Bekas Pengarah JPAM kekal dipenjarakan



Comment: Thinking about joining the police, FRU, and army, as part-time recruit, and contribute to combat crime! The top commander is on the crime list?!


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Rasuah: Bekas Pengarah JPAM kekal dipenjarakan

ALOR SETAR 12 Feb. - Mahkamah Tinggi di sini hari ini mengekalkan hukuman penjara tiga tahun dan denda RM21,200 ke atas bekas Pengarah Jabatan Pertahanan Awam (JPAM) Kedah, Mohamad Abdullah bagi dua kesalahan rasuah, tujuh tahun lalu.

Pesuruhjaya Kehakiman, Mohd. Zaki Abdul Wahab memutuskan demikian selepas menolak rayuan Mohamad, 52, untuk mengenepikan sabitan dan hukuman yang dijatuhkan ke atasnya oleh Mahkamah Sesyen di sini.

Pada 29 Julai tahun lepas, Mohamad dijatuhi hukuman penjara tiga tahun dan denda RM11,200 atau enam bulan penjara jika gagal membayar denda itu bagi tuduhan pertama dan penjara dua tahun dan denda RM10,000 atau empat bulan penjara bagi tuduhan kedua.

Mohd. Zaki dalam penghakimannya berkata, tiada alasan untuknya menerima rayuan itu kerana beliau mendapati hukuman yang diputuskan Hakim Mahkamah Sesyen itu sebelum ini tidak melampau (berat).

Sehubungan itu, katanya, sabitan dan hukuman penjara dan denda yang dijatuhkan ke atas Mohamad kekal dan hukuman itu berjalan serentak.

Mohamad disabitkan dengan kesalahan memberi satu dokumen bertarikh 16 Februari 2005 kepada seorang pembantu tadbir JPAM negeri yang mengandungi butiran palsu memperakukan bahawa pembekal makanan, Mohd Roshid Hussain telah menyediakan 70 tempahan makanan untuk peserta Latihan Pertahanan Awam Unit Giat Mara Sungai Tiang berjumlah RM2,240 pada 17 hingga 20 Mac 2005, sedangkan tiada bekalan sedemikian.

Dia juga didapati bersalah melakukan perbuatan sama dengan memperakukan bahawa Mohd Roshid, 35, telah menyediakan 80 tempahan makanan untuk peserta Latihan Asas Intensif Unit Giat Mara Sungai Tiang berjumlah RM1,920 pada 19 hingga 21 Mei 2005.



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