FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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28 November 2013

Majlis Perkahwinan Rozita & Zain !!


KOMEN:

Artis-artis masa nak berkahwin, berbelanja besar, habis berjuta-juta, tetapi masa nak cerai, pakai SMS saja?? Di mana nak letak malu ?!  Cuba muhasabah dan taubat sikit.  


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Sumber:
http://my.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/rozita-zain-dapat-tajaan-rm13-juta-040800976.html


Rozita, Zain dapat tajaan RM13 juta

By Shukri Shaharudin | Tupai – Tue, Nov 26, 2013

 26 Nov – Dasyat apabila majlis perkahwinan Rozita Che Wan dan Zain Saidin disifatkan sebagai perkahwinan termahal selebriti 2013 apabila telah mendapat tajaan perkahwinan sebanyak RM13 juta.
Menurut Rozita atau lebih mesra dengan panggilan Che Ta ,40, dia mengganggap segala tajaan untuk hari bahagia itu nanti adalah sebagai rezeki perkahwinan buatnya dan bakal suami Zain Saidin, 29.
"Pada asalnya kami merancang untuk mengadakan sebuah majlis yang sederhana, tetapi apabila ditaja, lain pula jadinya," Katanya kepada Harian Metro.
Jelas Che Ta lagi, dia tidak mahu ramai pihak salah pihak yang mana segala urusan penajaan bukanlah diminta olehnya tetapi penaja terbabit yang mencarinya dan menawarkan kesudian untuk menaja.
"Jangan salah faham pula. Bukan saya yang cari penaja. Mereka yang cari dan kami bersyukur untuk itu."
Antara penaja terbesar perkahwinan pasangan ini ialah barang kemas Habib Jewels iaitu sebanyak RM10 juta selain 27 penaja lain seperti Bianco Mimosa, Man Kajang, Fairuz Ramdan, Safi Rania, Annas Eskay, Ikram Photograpy, Manggis Production, Kad Lestari dan Seri Catering.
Sementara itu, pasangan ini menafikan dakwaan yang mengatakan mereka telah berhutang dengan pihak bank yang mana sebaliknya segala persiapan barang hantaran seperti cincin nikah dan kahwin adalah hasil duit mereka sendiri.
Rozita bakal menerima wang hantaran daripada Zain bernilai RM23 ribu yang merupakan simbolik kepada tarikh lahir Zain selain mas kahwin sebanyak RM9,300 yang turut sempena tarikh lahir Che Ta berserta sebentuk cincin kahwin dianggar RM93 ribu.
Pasangan ini akan bernikah 11 Disember depan di Gazebo Setia City Convention Centre selepas solat maghrib dan akan disiarkan secara langsung menerusi Astro Ria saluran 104 bagi majlis akad nikah dan persandingan nanti.
Pasangan ini yang seperti pinang dibelah dua ini juga sudah berkira-kira untuk bercuti selama 19 hari selepas majlis persandingan dan memilih mengelilingi Eropah seperti Rom, Milan, Venice, Frankfurt, Amsterdam untuk menikmati saat bulan madu.

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