FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

29 May 2014

Abby dicerai Melalui SMS !


https://my.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/abby-abadi-dicerai-melalui-sms-031200342.html
(29 Mei 2014)

Abby Abadi dicerai melalui SMS
Abby Abadi dicerai melalui SMS
29 Mei – Pelakon Abby Abadi enggan mengulas lanjut mengenai spekulasi kemelut rumah tangganya tetapi mengesahkan perbicaraan kes cerai dengan suaminya Muhammad Noor Farhan Che Bakar akan berlangsung di Mahkamah Rendah Syariah Gombak Timur, 9 pagi ini.
"Maafkan saya, esok (hari ini) insyaAllah," katanya kepada sebuah akhbar tempatan.
Terdahulu, Abby dikatakan telah memfailkan perceraiannya di mahkamah sama pada minggu lalu, dan menurut sumber perbicaraan pagi ini adalah bagi mengesahkan lafaz yang sudah disebut itu.
Kemelut rumah tangga Abby mula hangat diperkatakan berikutan statusnya di laman sosial Instagram yang meminta agar peminat mendoakan keadaan rumah tangganya.
Abby atau nama sebenarnya Arbaiyah Abdul Manan, 37, telah berkahwin dengan Farhan pada 9 Julai tahun lalu di selatan Thailand selepas dua minggu berkenalan.






Posted by at