FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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21 March 2015

40 ORANG TERKAYA DI MALAYSIA (2014) !


Source: http://www.pakdi.net/40-orang-terkaya-di-malaysia-2014/



40 Orang Terkaya di Malaysia 2014


1. Robert Kuok (Kerry Group / Kuok Group) RM 54 bilion
2. T Ananda Krishnan (Usaha Tegas) RM 33 bilion
3. Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow (Public Bank) RM 18 bilion
4. Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan (Hong Leong Group) RM 14 bilion
5. Tan Sri Lee Shin Cheng (IOI Group) RM 13 bilion
6. Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar AlBukhary (Albukhary Foundation), RM 11 bilion
7. Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay (Genting) RM 9.4 bilion
8. Puan Sri Lee Kim Hua (Genting) RM 7.5 bilion
9. Datuk Mokhzani Mahathir (SapuraKencana Petroleum) RM 4.2 bilion
10. Tan Sri Azman Hashim (Amcorp Group) RM 4.1 bilion
11. Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King (Rimbunan Hijau) RM 3.8 bilion
12. Ong Beng Seng (Hotel Properties Ltd) RM 3.5 bilion
13. Tan Sri Yeoh Tiong Lay (YTL Group) RM 3.2 bilion
14. Tan Sri Lau Cho Kun (Hap Seng Consolidated) RM 3.1 bilion
15. Tan Sri Shahril Shamsuddin (Sapura Group) RM 2.5 bilion
16. Tan Sri Shahriman Shamsuddin (Sapura Group) RM 2.4 bilion
17. Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Fook Ling (Sunway Group) RM 2.2. bilion
18. Datuk Lee Yeow Chor (IOI Group) RM 2 bilion
19. Lee Yeow Seng (IOI Group) RM 2 bilion
20. Tan Sri Vincent Tan Chee Yioun (Berjaya Group) RM 1.9 bilion
21. Tan Sri Lee Oi Hian (Batu Kawan) RM 1.7 bilion
22. Datuk Lee Hau Hian (Batu Kawan) RM 1.7 bilion
23. Tan Sri Tony Fernandes (Air Asia) RM 1.4 bilion
24. Tan Sri Francis Yeoh Sock Ping (YTL Group) RM 1.3 bilion
25. Tan Sri Dr Lim Wee Chai (Top Glove) RM 1.3 bilion
26. Datuk Yeoh Seok Hong (YTL Group) RM 1.3 bilion
27. Datuk Michael Yeoh Sock Siong (YTL Group) RM 1.3 bilion
28. Datuk Yeoh Seok Kian (YTL Group) RM 1.2 bilion
29. Datuk Kamarudin Meranun (Air Asia) RM 1.2 bilion
30. Tan Sri Ong Leong Huat & Khor Chai Moi (OSK Holdings) RM 1.2 bilion
31. Datuk Mark Yeoh Seok Kah (YTL Group) RM 1.2 bilion
32. Puan Sri Chong Chook Yew (Selangor Properties) RM 1.2 bilion
33. Tan Sri Leong Hoy Kum (Mah Sing Group) RM 1.1 bilion
34. Ngau Boon Keat (Dialong Group) RM 960 juta
35. Datuk Tan Heng Chew (Tan Chong Motors) RM 902 juta
36. Datuk Seri Stanley Thai Kim Sim (Supermax) RM 690 juta
37. Datuk Abdul Hamid Sepawi (Ta Ann Holdings) RM 603 juta
38. Datuk Tony Tiah Thee Kian (TA Enterprise) RM 589 juta
39. Tan Sri AK Nathan (Eversendai) RM 573 juta
40. Tan Sri Rozali Ismail (Puncak Niaga) RM 543 juta
Berdasarkan penilaian Malaysian Business sehingga 18 Januari 2014. Anggaran dibuat berdasarkan pegangan saham di dalam syarikat tersenarai dan pegangan persendirian yang dapat dikenal pasti pemilik. 











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