FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

23 February 2016

Penjawat Awam yang Gemar Meminjam dengan Along !


KOMEN:

1- Amalkan hidup sederhana, dan jangan membeli barang yang tidak perlu.
2- Jangan tamak hendak memiliki kereta mewah dengan gaji yang kecil/sedikit.
3- Masa hendak melangsungkan perkahwinan dengan gadis pilihan hati, jangan berbelanja macam anak orang kaya. Cukuplah dengan majlis yang sederhana.

Anda semua tahu bahawa ALONG itu tidak betul, mereka mengenakan 'bunga' yang tinggi dan tidak munasabah, buruk perangai, dan tidak SAH dari segi undang-undang negara, pun begitu, ramai yang meminjam dengan along?!  Adakah anda sendiri yang menjemput masalah ke dalam hidup anda?!

Banyak ber'istigfar, muhasabah diri, dan amalkan cara hidup Islam yang sebenar!


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Source:
http://cuepacs.blogspot.my/


 MEAGRE WAGES FORCING CIVIL SERVANTS TO BORROW FROM 'AH LONG', 

 CUEPACS SAYS Malaymail 11/2/2016 KUALA LUMPUR, Feb 11 ― Low salaries and rising cost of living are two key factors why over 150,000 or 12 per cent of the civil service have turned to illegal loan sharks or “Ah Longs” for money, the Congress of Unions of Employees in Public and Civil Services (Cuepacs) said.Cuepacs president Datuk Azih Muda said the estimate was based on a random survey conducted among lower grade civil servants aged below 40 who earn under RM3,000 a month. 

 “They consist of those attached to the security forces, local council and hospital staff, and the lower income earners.“Imagine, if even our security forces are involved with Ah Longs, how are they to focus on keeping the nation secure?” he was quoted saying in a Harian Metro report today. 

 Azim added that most of the workers in these categories find it hard to get promotions, which he said results in them turning to loan sharks for money. “When there is no advancement in your career, you lack motivation, the pay is not enough and living cost increases ― this is what drives them to borrow from Ah Longs,” he explained.Meanwhile, the Malaysian Islamic Consumer Association (PPIM) confirmed that over 2,000 civil servants found themselves hunted down by loan sharks over the last three years.PPIM chief activist Datuk Nadzim Johan said most of those involved were from armed forces, followed by enforcement officials and teachers. “They become targets for Ah Longs because they have fixed monthly salaries and are easy to threaten.

 “In most cases, the victims are threatened to settle their high interest rates. If the victim fails to pay according to the schedule or fails to settle the stipulated sum, he or she will be threatened before his department head or superiors,” he was quoted telling the local Malay daily.


.
Posted by at