FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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10 July 2016

Dallas shooting suspect identified as 25-year-old Micah Johnson: US media


COMMENT: 

In this modern era, 2016, there still exists "racism" and racism is real, and it exists in our daily life. To ignore the existence and reality of "racism" is akin to being foolish and uneducated.

What makes the matter worst, is that "racism" exists in USA, the so-called land of "freedom" and "liberalism" and so-called "developed modern country" with the alleged so-called "best legal system" in the world - and to make it more unbelievable is the president of USA is "black."

FACTS: Just admitted it, Micah Johnson is "one of you guys" (a US citizen, and a trained army personnel from US - he received the same training like you guys  - not an extremist - or outsider - or immigrant - and NOT a Muslim).

So don't blame outsider !  You are all to be blamed ! for NOT overcoming the issue of racism, for not properly educating the general public and army personnel - for not instilling the value of tolerance, and peace - peaceful co-existence between black and white - not enough is being done by the US government.

Racism is real and the US government need to put in MORE efforts at the grassroots level to overcome it. More efforts and budget should be placed for national social harmony issues, rather than focusing on the war in Iraq or Afghanistan or Syria.



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Source:
https://sg.news.yahoo.com/dallas-shooting-suspect-identified-25-170419875.html?nhp=1



Dallas shooting suspect identified as 25-year-old Micah Johnson: US media

AFP
New Straits TimesJuly 9, 2016

Dallas: The man suspected of opening fire on police officers in Dallas, killing five and wounding seven others, has been identified as 25-year-old Texas resident Micah Johnson, US media reported Friday.
Johnson lived in the Dallas suburb of Mesquite, CBS News and NBC News reported. He was killed in a tense showdown with police after the shootings, which also left two civilians wounded.
CNN, citing an unnamed law enforcement official said Johnson had no criminal record or known ties to extremists.
The network broadcast what it said was a photograph of the suspect, a black man with a short beard shown with his fist raised and wearing an African-style print tunic.
Johnson served in the US Army Reserves until April 2015, ABC News reported. Unnamed defense officials told the network he was trained as a carpentry and masonry specialist.
Earlier, Dallas police said the main shooting suspect had told negotiators he was not affiliated with any groups.
The suspect told negotiators he was upset about the recent fatal police shootings of black men, and wanted to kill white people – specifically, white cops.
© New Straits Times Press (M) Bhd


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