FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

03 September 2017

Etnik Rohingya dibunuh - (Rohingya Ethnic Killed by Myanmar Army) !!

Sumber:
http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/3-000-etnik-rohingya-dibunuh-1.522049

Azrul Hakimie Anuer

3,000 etnik Rohingya dibunuh

KUALA LUMPUR 2 Sept. - Angka korban pejuang Tentera Keselamatan Arakan Rohingya (ARSA) yang bertempur dengan tentera dan polis Myanmar sejak seminggu lalu dianggarkan melebihi 400 orang, tidak seperti mana dilaporkan oleh media antarabangsa.

Pengetua Sekolah Rohingya Balakong, Mohammed Junaid Zafar Ahmad berkata, berdasarkan sumber daripada rakan dan saudara-mara terdekat yang masih berada di utara Arakan, pemantauan di lokasi pertempuran mendapati jumlah sebenar pejuang ARSA yang terkorban berkemungkinan besar mencecah 500 orang atau lebih daripada itu.

Dakwanya, kerajaan Myanmar dilaporkan cuba menyembunyikan angka korban sebenar daripada pengetahuan media antarabangsa kerana bimbang dikenakan tindakan tegas oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB).

“Sejak pertempuran berlaku, lebih 120 buah rumah penduduk etnik Islam Rohingya dibakar oleh tentera Myanmar di Kampung Tharay Kone Tan di selatan Maungdaw.

“Selain itu, sekurang-kurangnya 18,500 orang penduduk Rohingya dengan majoriti daripada mereka mengalami masalah kesihatan dan ada yang cedera akibat terkena tembakan telah melarikan diri ke Bangladesh sejak enam hari lalu,” katanya ketika dihubungi Mingguan Malaysia di sini hari ini.

Mohammed Junaid mendakwa, sejak 25 Ogos lalu, tentera dan polis Myanmar telah membunuh kira-kira 3,000 orang penduduk Rohingya, selain membakar kediaman mereka dengan sewenang-wenangnya.

Kata beliau, mereka yang dibunuh tidak mengira jantina sama ada lelaki, wanita atau kanak-kanak.

Artikel Penuh: http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/3-000-etnik-rohingya-dibunuh-1.522049#ixzz4rc10XSk0
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