FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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05 July 2018

Bekas Pengarah JKR Melaka dipenjara, denda !



SOURCE: 
https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2018/07/354875/bekas-pengarah-jkr-melaka-dipenjara-denda#cxrecs_s

Bekas Pengarah JKR Melaka dipenjara, denda


Mohd Hilmie Hussin
mohdhilmie@nstp.com.my


BEKAS Pengarah Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Melaka, Datuk Khalid Omar, 58, dijatuhi hukuman penjara 22 tahun enam bulan dan denda RM36 juta oleh Mahkamah Sesyen Ayer Keroh, hari ini atas tuduhan pengubahan wang haram dan rasuah antara Mac 2014 hingga 15 Ogos 2016.
Hakim Datuk Mohd Nasir Nordin menjatuhkan hukuman itu terhadap Khalid selepas mendapati pihak pembelaan gagal membuktikan keraguan munasabah pada akhir kes pembelaan.
Tertuduh berdepan 18 pertuduhan, masing-masing lima mengikut Seksyen 4 (1) (b) Akta Pengubahan Wang Haram, Pencegahan Pembiayaan Keganasan dan Hasil daripada Aktiviti Haram (AMLATFPUAA) 2001 (Akta 613), manakala 13 tuduhan lagi membabitkan kesalahan rasuah.
Mengikut kelima-lima pertuduhan itu, tertuduh didakwa membabitkan diri dalam aktiviti pengubahan wang haram iaitu memiliki wang berjumlah RM206,396.16 dalam akaun Amanah Saham Bumiputera 2 (ASB2), RM506,735.92 (Tabung Haji), RM375,200 (wang tunai), RM1.98 juta (Amanah Saham Wawasan 2020) dan RM2.13 juta (Amanah Saham Didik), iaitu kesalahan membabitkan pengubahan wang haram.
Semua kesalahan itu didakwa dilakukan antara 1 September 2015 hingga 15 Ogos 2016 di beberapa lokasi di negeri ini.
Bagi kesalahan itu, tertuduh boleh dipenjara sehingga 15 tahun dan boleh didenda tidak kurang lima kali ganda jumlah atau nilai hasil daripada aktiviti haram atau peralatan kesalahan atau RM5 juta, mengikut mana yang lebih tinggi.
Bagi 13 kesalahan mengikut Seksyen 165 Kanun Keseksaan (Akta 574) pula, tertuduh didakwa menerima suapan RM196,200 menerusi 13 transaksi daripada lapan syarikat dan individu pada Mac 2014 hingga Ogos 2016 di beberapa lokasi di sekitar negeri ini.
Bagi kesalahan itu, tertuduh boleh dipenjara sehingga dua tahun atau denda atau kedua-duanya.


Artikel ini disiarkan pada : Khamis, 5 Julai 2018 @ 1:51 PM






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