FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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10 December 2018

We are responsible for Malaysia, says Dr M after TMJ outburst !!



Source: 
https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/12/10/we-are-responsible-for-malaysia-says-dr-m-after-tmj-outburst/

We are responsible for Malaysia, says Dr M after TMJ outburst

Soo Wern Jun
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Dr Mahathir Mohamad says Putrajaya is responsible for all of Malaysia.
PUTRAJAYA: Dr Mahathir Mohamad today defended one of his Cabinet members after the Johor crown prince accused Water, Land and Natural Resources Minister Dr Xavier Jayakumar of interfering in the state’s affairs.
The prime minister was responding to comments by Tunku Mahkota Johor (TMJ) Tunku Ismail Sultan Ibrahim, who said the issues surrounding the development of Pulau Kukup were not for the federal government to decide.
Mahathir denied that Putrajaya had intruded into Johor’s affairs.
“We have not touched on the Sultan,” he told reporters today.
“All we have touched is that Pulau Kukup should not be developed, (and) it should remain as a forest reserve, particularly as it is, a special mangrove forest.
“We don’t want the mangrove forest to be cut down for development. It may be sultanate land, but it cannot be developed,” he said.
Yesterday, Tunku Ismail called Xavier an “outsider”, saying his ministry had no jurisdiction “to override the Johor State Constitution”.
“The only one who can change the constitution is the Ruler. The letter Johor have issued is clear that Pulau Kukup will remain protected as a National Park,” he said.
He said Johor would deal with the issue in “our own ways”.
“This is Johor, where there is a Constitution that existed even before Malaysia was formed,” said TMJ.
Mahathir today said Putrajaya was responsible for the whole of Malaysia.
“Malaysians are not outsiders, the federal government are not outsiders,” said Mahathir.
“We are responsible for all the things that happen in the whole country.”
The Cabinet has earlier decided that Pulau Kukup would remain a national park.


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