FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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09 December 2019

Pink Legacy bakal dilelong RM209.2 juta!



SOURCE: 
https://www.hmetro.com.my/global/2018/11/394420/pink-legacy-bakal-dilelong-rm2092-juta

Pink Legacy bakal dilelong RM209.2 juta






London: Berlian seberat hampir 19 karat, belian koleksi merah jambu kedua dilelong dalam masa dua tahun, dijangka meraih harga sehingga AS$50 juta (RM209.2 juta) apabila dilelong di Geneva, minggu depan.
Pakar barang kemas di Christie, Jean-Marc Lunel, berkata berlian berkenaan, Pink Legacy, akan dilelong pada 13 November ini, dianggar bernilai antara AS$30 juta (RM125.5 juta) hingga AS$50 juta.
“Ia antara berlian merah jambu paling indah pernah diserahkan untuk dilelong. Berlian itu adalah batu permata gred tertinggi bagi ketumpatan warnanya,” katanya.
Menurut Christie, berlian merah jambu yang beratnya melebihi 10 karat amat jarang ditemui dan sehingga kini, hanya ada empat berlian melebihi 10 karat pernah dilelong.
Satu daripadanya, berlian diberi nama Pink Promise seberat 15 karat, dijual ketika lelongan Christie di Hong Kong, November tahun lalu, dengan harga AS$32.5 juta (RM136 juta).
Harga berkenaan, iaitu AS$2.176 juta (RM9.1 juta) setiap karat masih kekal sebagai harga termahal bagi satu karat berlian merah jambu.
Pada 2013, berlian merah jambu besar seberat 59.60 karat dijual ketika lelongan Sotheby dengan harga AS$83 juta (RM347.3 juta) atau AS$1.39 juta (RM5.8 juta) satu karat.
Berlian Pink Legacy pernah menjadi milik keluarga Oppenheimer yang menguruskan syarikat perlombongan berlian De Beers selama beberapa dekad. Christie bagaimanapun, enggan memberitahu pemilik berlian itu sekarang.
Ia ditemui di lombong berlian Afrika Selatan kira-kira satu abad lalu, dan dipotong untuk dibentuk pada 1920-an.
Menurut Lunel, sejak itu bentuk berlian berkenaan tidak pernah diubah.
Ketua bahagian barang kemas Christie, Rahul Kadakia berkata, berlian Pin Lagacy antara berlian terhebat dunia dan pasti menarik ramai bakal pembeli.


Artikel ini disiarkan pada : Isnin, 12 November 2018



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