FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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08 January 2021

HOLLYWOOD STARS DIVORCED !! After six years of marriage.....

SOURCE: https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/divorce-cards-kim-kardashian-kanye-052252661.html Divorce on the cards for Kim Kardashian and Kanye West after six years of marriage Tan Mei Zi Wed, 6 January 2021
Sources say Kim Kardashian and Kanye West are ready to officially part ways. — Reuters pic Jan 6, 2021 — Hollywood couple Kim Kardashian and Kanye West have reportedly called it quits for good. Page Six cited multiple sources saying that “divorce is imminent” for the A-list duo after Kardashian hired high-profile divorce attorney Laura Wasser. “They are keeping it low-key but they are done. Kim has hired Laura Wasser and they are in settlement talks,” said the source. Kardashian and West spent Christmas apart last year, with Kardashian celebrating in California with her family while West took refuge at his ranch in Wyoming. She’s also been spotted sans her wedding ring in recent Instagram posts which further fuelled divorce rumours. The source claims that it was Kardashian’s idea for them to live under separate roofs as they work out plans for the separation. Kardashian has reportedly had enough of West’s antics, which included a slapdash run for the US presidency in 2020 and several public meltdowns on Twitter. “Now this divorce is happening because Kim has grown up a lot. She is serious about taking the bar exam and becoming a lawyer, she is serious about her prison reform campaign. “Meanwhile, Kanye is talking about running for president and saying other crazy s**t, and she’s just had enough of it,” said the source. Kardashian and West tied the knot in 2014 and they have four children together. West previously tweeted about wanting to divorce Kardashian in July last year after she met rapper Meek Mill at a criminal justice summit in 2018. He claimed that Kardashian acted “out of line” while comparing her mother Kris Jenner to North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un. Kardashian later issued a statement explaining that West was suffering from a bipolar disorder episode when he wrote the tweets and called for social media users to show compassion and empathy towards those with mental health issues. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALSO SEE, https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/britneys-ex-husband-part-pro-110700020.html
It's been reported that singer Britney Spears's ex-husband, Jason Allen Alexander, who she married for a total of 55 hours back in 2004 in Sin City, was part of the group. Jason posted a series of selfies showing him wearing a 'Trump 45' hat at the pro-Trump rally that took place right before the Capitol was stormed and turned into an attempted coup. It's unclear as to whether or not he attended the riot the followed, but if he did, TMZ suggest that law enforcement officers will likely be on the lookout for him. . .
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