FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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23 March 2011

Study Shows Religion Set for Extinction: End of the World?!


Comment:

I heard it several times before, that - Religion is money, religion is narcotic drugs (opium, heroin), religion is power, religion is pleasure (hedonism), but the worst kind is when they say, religion is dead, or religion does not exists (atheist). Hence, there is no limit to one’s freedom, pleasure, desire, wants, etc... when that happens, one tend to drinks all one wants, having sexes and intercourse with multiply partners, 'no string attached' in a relationships, then we will have ‘expected’ more social ills and social problems in that society. Have it not already started ?! Also the bottom line is, when there is no religion, then you will also have 'emptiness of the soul' !

http://au.news.yahoo.com/latest/a/-/latest/9058938/religion-set-extinction-western-countries/ (23 March 2011)

Study Shows Religion Set for Extinction
Yahoo!7 March 23, 2011, 10:36 am

A US study using census data shows that religion here and in eight other Western world countries is set for extinction. Census data was taken from as far back as a century from countries in which the census queried religious affiliation: Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Switzerland.

The result, reported at the American Physical Society meeting, indicates that religion will all but die out altogether in those countries. In New Zealand, it's thought around half of all Kiwis claim no religious affiliation. Massey University Associate Professor of History Peter Lineham says in the 1950s, around 10% of New Zealanders had no religious affiliation. He says that increased to 45% in the 2006 census.

"Hopefully the 2011 Census will take place at some point next year and we'll know the latest figures, but it surely will have gone up to over 50%," he told Newstalk ZB. Professor Lineham says the study would have very different results if the study looked at other countries.

"If they took any countries beyond the western countries they've named, they would actually have the opposite phenomenon of religion getting larger."

Comment:

Hahah, the Western world (as quoted above) is falling apart, due to abandoning of religion... thats the results of 'secularization' and 'westernization.' But in the Asian world, these people are now more closer to religion that ever before, due to the - economic crisis, the tsunami, the earthquake, the floods, and droughts! ISN'T that ALL signs of GOD (wrath)! Fools are those that are hit by the natural disasters and still don't learn anything from it !
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Comment:

Would you like to look good (beautiful/handsome), or have a better brain (intellectually better). Does good look guarantee you a ’successful life’ ? NO. And those that do not end with a contract at a modelling industries, will end up ‘selling themselves’ for sexes. And even in the modelling industries, nudity is a must nowadays. So, at the end of the day, where is all the morals and ethics, and social norms of a good society? Gone. That’s what happens in the Western world, to those that do not have a religion as their way of life.

http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/offbeat/9068286/eight-year-old-has-botox-wants-boob-job/ (24 March 2011)

Eight-year-old has Botox, wants boob job
The West Australian March 24, 2011, 10:05 am

Single mum Kerry Campbell wants her daughter to become a star, which is why she injects the child with Botox. Eight-year-old Britney also wants a breast enlargement. The child's beauty routine includes climbing onto a beautician's table every three months so her mum can inject her face with Botox and fillers, which beautician Ms Campbell, 34, buys online.

The substances are injected into Britney's forehead and lips and around her eyes. "The beauty-pageant obsessed single mum also takes her to have her body waxed, in a bizarre bid to stop her growing hair when she eventually hits puberty," The Sun reported. Ms Campbell said the treatments would guarantee that Britney would become famous as a teenager. "What I am doing for Britney now will help her become a STAR (??)," she said.

"I know one day she will be a model, actress or singer, and having these treatments now will ensure she stays looking younger and baby-faced for longer. "I'm sure people reading this will think I am being irresponsible, but I ensure that I test the Botox and fillers I buy online on myself first.
[Note: Actress or singer is about 'talent', not child abuse, waxing or botox]

"All I want is for Britney to have the best start in life, so it is easier for her to become a superstar. More mothers should do it for their daughters." Ms Campbell, originally from Birmingham but now living in San Francisco, said her daughter was a lucky little girl. "(She) is going to be famous because of the benefits I am giving her so early," she said. Britney's father, a research scientist who died four years ago aged 83, regarded the beauty treatments as normal.
[Note: Yah right, the old man already died, and it was claimed that he says 'its ok'? ]

The child demanded the top-ups of Botox because she could see wrinkles. "My friends think it's cool I have all the treatments and they want to be like me. I check every night for wrinkles, when I see some I want more injections," Britney said. "They used to hurt, but now I don't cry that much. "I also want a boob and nose job soon, so that I can be a star." Such treatments were common in the competitive world of American child beauty pageants.

"When Britney takes part in pageants, parents talk about how they have given their daughter an extra jab to plump her lips or lose a wrinkle. Everyone is doing it and talking about it," Ms Campbell said. "She also has her virgin wax monthly, which gets rid of her fluffy leg hair and makes sure she won't develop pubic hair in the future. "It will save her a fortune in waxing when she's older."

[Note: I never think it was ok, or a good idea to have 'Child Beauty Pageant' in the first place, but I always support a 'Child Talent Show', child talent is about talent, and child beauty is about beauty, its as simple as that !].

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