FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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06 April 2011

Pegawai Kastam Pula yg Jatuh Bangunan SPRM !


(26 April 2011)

Laporan Kematian Sarbani diserah kepada AG

KUALA LUMPUR 25 April - Polis sudah menyerahkan kertas siasatan kes kematian pegawai kastam, Ahmad Sarbani Mohamed di bangunan pejabat Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia (SPRM) Wilayah Persekutuan di Jalan Cochrane pada 6 April lalu ke pejabat Peguam Negara (AG). Ketua Polis Kuala Lumpur, Datuk Zulkifli Abdullah berkata, kertas siasatan tersebut diserahkan pada Jumaat lalu iaitu sebaik sahaja ia selesai dilengkapkan. "Kini terpulanglah kepada AG untuk mengambil tindakan lanjut terhadap kes tersebut," katanya kepada Utusan Malaysia ketika dihubungi di sini hari ini.


Zulkifli yang enggan mengulas lanjut mengenai kertas siasatan yang sudah siap itu berkata, seperti dimaklumkan sebelum ini, siasatan kes tersebut ditumpukan kepada laporan kematian mengejut. Ahmad Sarbani, 56, yang juga Penolong Pengarah Kastam Selangor ditemui mati di gelanggang badminton tingkat satu pejabat SPRM setelah ditinggalkan bersendirian oleh pegawai suruhanjaya itu. Kes kematian beliau menjadi perhatian kerana SPRM ketika itu giat menjalankan Operasi 3B terhadap Jabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia (JKDM) atas kesalahan rasuah, pengubahan wang haram dan pelbagai lagi, yang melibatkan kerugian pendapatan negara berbilion ringgit.


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Pegawai Kastam Mati Jatuh Bangunan SPRM KUALA LUMPUR: Seorang pegawai kastam yang membantu siasatan kes rasuah membabitkan cukai tidak dibayar, ditemui mati dipercayai jatuh dari tingkat tiga bangunan Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia (SPRM) di Jalan Cochrane, di sini pagi ini. Mayat beliau ditemui di tingkat bawah bangunan itu pada jam 10.15 pagi. Difahamkan, mangsa yang dibebaskan dengan ikat jamin kelmarin, adalah seorang pegawai kanan Kastam Selangor.


Pengarah Penyiasatan SPRM, Datuk Mustafar Ali, dilaporkan berkata pegawai Kastam berkenaan ke pejabat suruhanjaya itu hari ini untuk menemui pegawai penyiasat. Katanya, pegawai penyiasat meminta pegawai Kastam berkenaan menunggu sementara pergi mengambil fail kes. Bagaimanapun, katanya, apabila kembali semula pegawai penyiasat berkenaan mendapati pegawai Kastam terbabit sudah tiada.



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