FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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19 June 2011

Usahawan beras ditembak mati !


http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2011&dt=0619&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Jenayah&pg=je_04.htm
(19 June 2011)

Usahawan Beras ditembak Mati Depan Rumah

BUTTERWORTH 18 Jun - Seorang usahawan beras terkenal di sini, maut selepas ditembak sewaktu turun dari kereta untuk membuka pintu pagar rumahnya di Taman Puyu, dekat sini, tengah malam tadi. Mangsa, Ooi Chong Tian, 58, dikatakan baru pulang ke rumahnya selepas keluar minum bersama rakan-rakannya dalam kejadian kira-kira pukul 1 pagi itu.

Sebaik sahaja mangsa sampai di depan rumah, dua lelaki yang menaiki kereta Proton Wira hitam menghentikan kenderaan mereka sebelum melepaskan dua das tembakan ke arah Chong Tian. Tembakan itu mengenai kepala dan lehernya menyebabkan mangsa rebah sebelum suspek memecut kenderaan dan meninggalkan kawasan berkenaan.

Ahli keluarga mangsa yang mendengar bunyi tembakan itu segera keluar dan mendapati mangsa terbaring di depan rumah sebelum anaknya menghantar mangsa ke Hospital Seberang Jaya untuk mendapat rawatan kecemasan. Namun begitu mangsa meninggal dunia di hospital kira-kira pukul 5 pagi akibat pendarahan teruk.

Sementara itu, Ketua Polis Daerah Seberang Perai Utara, Asisten Komisioner Zulkifli Alias ketika dihubungi hari ini mengesahkan kejadian berkenaan dan menjelaskan usaha mengesan suspek sedang dijalankan. Menurutnya, pihak polis masih menyiasat identiti suspek dan juga motif kejadian terbabit dan usaha mengumpul bukti dan maklumat mengenainya sedang dilakukan. Siasatan dijalankan mengikut Seksyen 302 Kanun Keseksaan kerana membunuh.


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