FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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28 August 2011

Garuda Breast Examination !


Comment:

Young girls who are desperate to look for job opportunity, and they would do almost anything, but the question the government authorities should ask 'IS it really necessary and/or life endangering to the passengers or themselves?'

That the so-called 'breast examination' be conducted (by GARUDA and/or other airlines)? The so-called 'Breast Examination' is at best termed 'sexual harassment made legal' ...when it could be done by a female doctor, and also the issue of 'Is it really necessary?' ... I mean does GARUDA do really think that the 'fake breasts' (implant) would possibly 'EXPLODE' in mid-air, and cause injuries to the passengers???? Come on, where are the local authorities and NGOs??

Also how about the passengers with 'breast implant'... should they also be 'checked' and not allow to broad the plane?

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http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/ANN/Story/STIStory_705492.html
(25 Aug 2011)

Indonesian airline Garuda under fire for near-naked interview
Published on Aug 25, 2011

(THE KOREA HERALD/ASIA NEWS NETWORK) - An Indonesian airline came under fire after having female job applicants get almost naked during an interview. Garuda Indonesia has recently interviewed applicants to pick 18 Korean crew members for its new flight service.

The women were ordered to take off all their clothes except their underpants for a 'health examination'. A male doctor touched their breasts to check whether they have implants, which the company said would endanger them when flying.

The company said it conducted the same examination when picking stewardesses in all countries, including Japan and Australia.

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Airline Breast Exam Angers Flight Attendants, 25 Aug 2011
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/25/airline-breast-check-ups-_n_936095.html

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Garuda Denies Breast Check Allegations
Elisabeth Oktofani & AFP | August 24, 2011
http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/garuda-denies-breast-check-allegations/461497


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