FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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31 December 2011

CEO mengaku tidak bersalah


(31 Dec 2011)

CEO mengaku tidak bersalah

Oleh SITI NOORALINA AHMAD
pengarang@utusan.com.my

Shamsubahrin Ismail dituduh menipu dengan memperdayakan Mohamad Salleh Ismail di Mahkamah Sesyen, Kuala Lumpur, semalam.

KUALA LUMPUR 30 Dis. – Ahli perniagaan, Datuk Shamsubahrin Ismail mengaku tidak bersalah di Mahkamah Sesyen di sini hari ini atas dua tuduhan menipu pengarah syarikat National Feedlot Corporation Sdn. Bhd. (NFC), Datuk Seri Dr. Mohamad Salleh Ismail membabitkan pemberian cek bernilai RM1.755 juta, bulan lalu.


Shamsubahrin, 45, yang merupakan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif (CEO) syarikat Shamsubahrin Ismail Resources Sdn. Bhd. memohon dibicarakan sebaik sahaja pertuduhan selesai dibacakan kepadanya di hadapan Hakim Ahmad Zamzani Mohd. Zain.

Tertuduh yang beralamat di Bukit Jelutong, Shah Alam didakwa menipu Mohamad Salleh dengan menjanjikan kepada mangsa satu perkhidmatan rundingan dan nasihat yang pada pengetahuan tertuduh tidak benar.

Perbuatan itu bertujuan memperdaya suami kepada Menteri Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat, Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil itu sehingga mendorong mangsa bersetuju membayar wang perkhidmatan tersebut.

Tertuduh didakwa melakukan perbuatan itu di sebuah restoran di Bukit Tunku di sini pada pukul 6 petang, 20 November lalu.

Bagi tuduhan kedua, Shamsubahrin didakwa memperdaya Mohamad Salleh sehingga mendorong mangsa menyerahkan cek berjumlah RM1.755 juta kepada tertuduh. Perbuatan itu didakwa dilakukannya di kawasan Solaris Mont Kiara di sini antara 25 November dan 6 Disember lalu.

Kedua-dua pertuduhan tersebut dikemukakan mengikut Seksyen 420 Kanun Keseksaan yang memperuntukkan hukuman penjara maksimum 20 tahun dan denda jika sabit kesalahan.

Ketua Bahagian Perundangan dan Pendakwaan Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia (SPRM), Datuk Abdul Razak Musa mencadangkan jaminan RM300,000 dengan seorang penjamin dan syarat tertuduh menyerahkan pasport antarabangsa kepada mahkamah.

Menurut beliau, jumlah jaminan tersebut adalah munasabah memandangkan pertuduhan terhadap tertuduh melibatkan penyerahan cek bernilai jutaan ringgit.

Bagaimanapun, peguam bela, J. Rao yang mewakili tertuduh memohon jumlah yang lebih rendah berikutan anak guamnya yang menanggung seorang isteri dan empat anak telah memberikan kerjasama kepada pihak SPRM sepanjang siasatan.

Ahmad Zamzani kemudian menetapkan jaminan RM300,000 dengan seorang penjamin serta memerintahkan tertuduh menyerahkan pasport antarabangsa kepada mahkamah sebagai syarat jaminan sehingga kes selesai.

Beliau turut menetapkan 21 Januari ini untuk sebutan semula kes itu.

Shamsubahrin gagal menjelaskan wang jaminan ekoran kaunter pembayaran telah ditutup menyebabkan tertuduh dihantar ke Penjara Sungai Buloh.



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