FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

17 January 2012

Britain Selar Penempatan Israel di Palestin


Komen: Masalahnya, adakah Israel inginkan 'kedaimaian'? Atau 'berlakon' inginkan kedamaian sahaja di mata dunia, dan menyalahkan Palestin sebagai pengacau atau pengganas (terrorists).

Siapa yang menceroboh penempatan Palestin? Siapa yang buat penempatan haram? Siapa yang robohkan rumah penduduk Palestin kerana hasad dengki, dan dendam tak habis? Siapakah pengganas sebenarnya??? ISRAEL.

DUNIA sudah tahu kelakuan sumbang ISRAEL itu... !!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Britain Selar Penempatan Israel di Palestin

17/01/2012 4:08am

LONDON 17 Jan. – Timbalan Perdana Menteri Britain, Nick Clegg semalam menyelar pembinaan penempatan di Israel dengan menyifatkannya sebagai 'vandalisme yang disengajakan' ketika Presiden Palestin, Mahmoud Abbas memulakan lawatan Eropahnya.

Berucap selepas perbincangan bersama Abbas di London, Clegg menjelaskan pembinaan perumahan haram secara berterusan di Tebing Barat dan timur Baitulmaqdis menyebabkan 'kerosakan' kepada usaha rundingan damai kedua-dua negara tersebut.

“Ia boleh disifatkan sebagai 'kerosakan yang disengajakan' dan sekali gus menggangu rundingan damai yang telah diusahakan sejak beberapa tahun lalu,” katanya. – AFP.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Komen: Apa 'beberapa tahun lalu'... sudah masuk 'beberapa dekad' dah !! Israel masih lagi sombong, bongkar, dan tak sedarkan diri. Israel bukannya inginkan kedamaian. Apa yang orang Nazi Germany buat keatas orang Yahudi Israel semasa perang dunia kedua dulu, orang Yahudi Israel kini buat keatas orang Palestin, dan lebih dahsyat lagi !! Tengok lah gambar-gambar, dan berita dunia di kaca TV anda!!



Posted by at