FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

16 March 2012

Mahasiswa perlu sedar isu Palestin !


(15 Mac 2012)

Mahasiswa perlu sedar isu Palestin

Presiden Islamic Society Of Jabalia, Gaza, Ir Abdel Rahim Shehab.

Realiti kezaliman tentera rejim zionis Israel yang tidak berperikemanusiaan membunuh, menyakiti, merampas harta milik rakyat Palestin dan memusnahkan bumi anbia, bumi ketiga paling suci umat Islam, Palestin yang terdapatnya padanya Masjid Al-Aqsa yang menyaksikan baginda Rasulullah SAW menaiki ke langit dalam perjalanan malam paling agung, iaitu Israq dan Mikraj.

Menurut Ir Abdel Rahim, para siswa digesa supaya memahami akan realiti dan tanggungjawab mereka untuk membantu mempertahankan bumi palestin dan Masjidil Aqsa yang merupakan wakaf umat Islam seluruh dunia. Ini kerana perjuangan di Palestin bukan semata-mata isu keagamaan, malah juga isu kemanusiaan yang perlu diturut sertai oleh segenap lapisan masyarakat dunia tanpa mengira bangsa dan agama.

Rejim Israel sesungguhnya sudah keterlaluan. Menafikan hak semua golongan peringkat umur di Palestin, anak-anak kecil, remaja, pemuda wanita, orang tua semua mereka hebat teraniaya dan berada di dalam tekanan yang tidak pernah terfikirkan oleh manusia.

"Saya amat mengharapkan agar anda, para mahasiswa terus membantu dan menyokong usaha-usaha Aqsa Syarif dan lain-lain NGO untuk Palestin yang telah berjaya memulakan inisiatif membawa pelbagai projek kemanusiaan, pendidikan, bantuan perubatan dan peojek-projek sosio ekonomi seperti kilang roti, mikro kredit, ternakan lembu, ternakan ikan dan sebagainya terutamanya di Gaza, yang menjadi terkepung dan penjara serta terputus hubungan dengan dunia luar akibat kekejaman rejim Israel," kata Ir Abdel Rahim.


.




Posted by at