FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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07 January 2013

Janet Jackson & Wissam al-Mana




Janet Jackson, wealthy Qatari planning $20-million wedding




Janet Jackson and her fiancé Wissam al-Mana have been dating since summer 2010, according to media reports. (AFP)


By AL ARABIYA 
Janet Jackson and her millionaire fiancĂ© Wissam al-Mana are planning to tie the knot in the Qatari capital Doha in a lavish $20-million dollar wedding set to take place in 2013, according to media reports on Wednesday. 

An insider told the National Enquirer magazine that the ceremony will be “one of the biggest, most memorable extravaganzas in recent history.”

“They have tentatively set a late 2013 wedding date. But they are still working out the details and the exact day,” the source told the magazine.
Renowned Turkish author Adnan Oktar (aka Harun Yahya) claimed, during an interview with a Turkish network in 2010, that Janet, 46, and her late brother Michael Jackson, had converted to Islam.

“I sent that nice Janet Jack¬son a copy of my book,” Adnan said. “I also sent her late brother a copy. Her brother was a Muslim. Janet is also, in fact, a Mus¬lim. Like her brother, she keeps it hidden.” “She is a devout believ¬er…like her brother.”

The couple plan to spend $3 million to fly in their 500 wedding guests from all over the world, according to reports. Wissam reportedly plans to offer all guests a $10,000 Rolex watch apiece as a thank you for attending.

“Wissam is going to splash big when he marries Janet. It’s going to be the wedding of the century,” the unnamed insider told the the National Enquirer.

Wissam is reportedly 10 years younger than Janet and they both have been dating since summer 2010. He reportedly proposed to her last year with a 15-carat diamond ring.

Mana, 36, is an executive for al-Mana Group, a large family-controlled business entity in Qatar.

“My mother always raised us to believe that age was just a number. All of us - my sisters, my brothers - we’ll just tell you our ages because it’s all about where you are mentally and how you feel about yourself. It doesn’t matter,” Janet reportedly said once.