FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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07 January 2013

Tiga Gadis Tiang Didenda RM25 ?!



http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2012&dt=0329&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Muka_Hadapan&pg=mh_04.htm 
 [ 29/03/2012 ]

Tiga 'gadis tiang' didenda RM25

RASAH 28 Mac - Denda maksimum RM25. Itu hukuman yang dijatuhkan oleh Mahkamah Majistret Seremban, dekat sini hari ini ke atas tiga gadis yang terlibat dalam aksi menari tiang di sebuah pusat hiburan di Nilai pada Sabtu lalu.

 Ketiga-tiga mereka masing-masing dikenakan denda tersebut setelah mengaku bersalah atas tuduhan berkelakuan kurang sopan dengan berpakaian seksi dan melakukan aksi mengghairahkan.

 Faiqah Azizan, 24, Nurul Huda Abdul Rahman, 23, Nooranishah Mohamad Isa, 19, yang masing-masing memakai baju kurung dan bertudung hanya mengangguk kepala tanda mengaku selepas pertuduhan dibacakan kepada mereka di hadapan Majistret Mohamad Izwan Mohamed Noh.

 Mengikut kertas pertuduhan, mereka didakwa menari di atas pentas dengan mengenakan pakaian seksi serta melakukan aksi mengghairahkan selain berkelakuan kurang sopan di tempat hiburan awam.
Perbuatan itu dilakukan di sebuah pusat hiburan di Putra Nilai, Nilai kira-kira pukul 2.20 pagi, 24 Mac lalu.

 Ketiga-tiga mereka didakwa melakukan kesalahan mengikut Seksyen 21 Akta Kesalahan-Kesalahan Kecil 1955 (Akta 336) yang memperuntukkan hukuman denda tidak lebih RM25 atau penjara maksimum 14 hari.

 Sebelum menjatuhkan hukuman, Mohamad Izwan menasihatkan agar tertuduh-tertuduh insaf dan tidak mengulangi perbuatan itu demi menjaga nama baik keluarga masing-masing.

 Pendakwaan dikendalikan oleh Timbalan Pendakwa Raya, Kaiyisah Shukri manakala ketiga-tiga gadis tertuduh tidak diwakili peguam bela.

 Utusan Malaysia sebelum ini melaporkan, sepasukan anggota Bahagian Kongsi Gelap, Judi dan Maksiat (D7), Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontinjen (IPK) negeri bersama Jabatan Hal Ehwal Agama Islam Negeri Sembilan (JHEAINS) dan Cawangan Jabatan Siasatan Jenayah Narkotik negeri memberkas 32 orang termasuk tiga gadis berkenaan atas pelbagai kesalahan.



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