FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

02 October 2013

Ayam dicemari bakteria Salmonella punca keracunan makanan !



Ayam dicemari bakteria Salmonella punca keracunan makanan

Bernama Media
SUNGAI PETANI, 1 Okt (Bernama) -- Hidangan ayam masak merah yang dihidangkan dalam kenduri kahwin di Kampung Huma, Tanjung Dawai dekat sini Sabtu lepas dicemari bakteria Salmonella, menyebabkan empat kematian dan ratusan lagi keracunan makanan setakat ini.
Pengarah Jabatan Kesihatan Kedah Dr Ismail Abu Taat berkata bakteria itu ditemui di dalam spesimen hasil bedah siasat ke atas mangsa dan sampel yang diperoleh dari tempat kejadian.
Siasatan awal mendapati ayam yang diguna untuk majlis perkahwinan itu tidak disimpan dengan baik dan dibiar pada suhu bilik selama semalaman, sebelum dimasak pada hari kenduri, katanya dalam sidang media di Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim (HSAH), di sini petang tadi.
Katanya berdasarkan keterangan tuan rumah, kira-kira 130 ekor ayam dibeli pada Jumaat dan digoreng sebelum disimpan di dalam sebuah bilik pada suhu biasa.
"Ini menyebabkan ayam tersebut dicemari dan dijangkiti bakteria Salmonella. Ayam itu berbau bila hendak dimasak keesokan harinya, tetapi tuan rumah mahu memasak kerana bimbang makanan untuk tetamu tidak mencukupi," katanya.
Beliau berkata mangsa yang makan makanan tercemar itu tidak mengalami simptom keracunan pada kadar segera sebaliknya bakteria Salmonella hanya meragam selepas lebih 12 jam sebelum menjadi keracunan, menyebabkan mangsa mengalami cirit-birit, loya, muntah, perut memulas dan kehilangan air dalam badan secara teruk.
Katanya setakat ini 200 mangsa telah mendapatkan rawatan di hospital berdekatan sekitar daerah ini dan daripada jumlah itu 127 pesakit mendapatkan rawatan di HSAH dengan 38 dimasukkan ke wad untuk rawatan lanjut.
Beliau berkata 127 lagi pesakit mendapatkan rawatan di Hospital Yan dengan 62 orang ditahan untuk rawatan lanjut dan selebihnya dibenar pulang selepas mendapat rawatan.
Dr Ismail berkata seorang pesakit lelaki berusia 58 tahun kini berada dalam keadaan kritikal dan dirawat di Unit Rawatan Rapi (ICU) HSAH.
"18 kes pesakit dirujuk ke Hospital Sik dan Baling ekoran keadaan Hospital Yan tidak mampu menampung jumlah pesakit yang ramai. Saya nasihatkan mangsa yang mempunyai simptom keracunan makanan selepas makan kenduri di rumah tersebut agar tampil mendapatkan rawatan segera.
"Saya berharap pengendali makanan untuk kenduri menyimpan makanan atau bahan mentah secara betul dan menitik berat aspek keselamatan makanan agar perkara sama tidak berulang," katanya.
Semalam, tiga mangsa keracunan makanan meninggal dunia selepas menghadiri satu majlis kenduri kahwin itu manakala hari ini seorang lagi meninggal dunia.
Mereka ialah pelajar Universiti Islam Antarabangsa (UIA) Gombak, Nurshazana Mohd Rashid, 24, dari Kampung Tempoyak, Bedong, yang meninggal dunia kira-kira pukul 12.45 tengah hari semalam dan Mohammad Nor Rahmad Yusof, 11, dari Kampung Singkir Laut, Yan meninggal dunia kira-kira 1 petang.
Seorang lagi mangsa Ibrahim Mohamad, 62, berasal dari Alor Jejawi, Kuala Besut, Terengganu, meninggal dunia di HSAH kira-kira pukul 6.30 petang semalam.
Hari ini, Wan Razali Yaakob, 56, dari Kampung Banggol Belau, Merbok disahkan meninggal dunia pukul 7.15 malam selepas dimasukkan ke ICU HSAH pagi semalam.
-- BERNAMA


Posted by at