FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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02 October 2013

Projek kabel jalur lebar RM1.9 bilion siap Jun 2014 !



http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/Dalam_Negeri/20131002/dn_42/Projek-kabel-jalur-lebar-RM19-bilion-siap-Jun-2014

Projek kabel jalur lebar RM1.9 bilion siap Jun 2014


KUANTAN 2 Okt. - Projek pemasangan sistem kabel dasar laut gentian optik jalur lebar termoden Asia Pasifik di Cherating di sini sepanjang 10,000 kilometer yang akan menghubungkan Malaysia dan Jepun dijangka siap sepenuhnya menjelang Jun tahun depan.

Menteri Komunikasi dan Multimedia, Datuk Seri Ahmad Shabery Cheek berkata, pembinaan sistem kabel bernilai kira-kira RM1.9 bilion (AS$600 juta) itu akan memberi manfaat kepada seluruh pengguna internet di negara ini.

Katanya projek itu apabila siap nanti akan turut menarik pelabur asing ke negara ini sekali gus menjadikan negara lebih maju dan mampu berdaya saing dari segi kepantasan capaian internet.

"Sistem kabel tersebut akan menyediakan kepantasan data sehingga 3.4 tbps menggunakan teknologi Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) bagi menawarkan kemudahan-kemudahan penaiktarafan transmisi yang fleksibel dan tanpa sempadan.

"Dalam sistem rangkaian komunikasi, saya melihat ini adalah suatu kejayaan dan usaha yang dibuat oleh syarikat tempatan dan berharap apabila selesai pemasangannya sejauh 10,000 kilometer akan mengurangkan kebergantungan kita kepada rangkaian negara lain," katanya.

Beliau berkata demikian kepada pemberita selepas melawat projek Pemasangan Kabel Optik Asia Pasifik di Pelabuhan Kuantan di sini hari ini.

Turut hadir Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Pembangunan Wanita dan Keluarga, Multimedia dan Komunikasi Pahang, Datuk Shahaniza Shamsuddin; dan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Time dotCom Bhd., Afzal Abdul Rahim.
Menurut Ahmad Shabery, usaha penyambungan kabel optik itu turut membabitkan 14 buah syarikat lain dan juga akan bekerjasama menghubungkan Semenanjung, Sabah, Sarawak dan kemudian terus ke Amerika Syarikat.

"Usaha pemasangan kabel di dasar laut ini melibatkan syarikat Time dotcom bukan yang pertama tetapi keempat dan ini merupakan yang termoden sekali," katanya. - BERNAMA


 


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