FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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01 November 2017

Robot mendapat Kerakyatan ?!




Source:
http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2017&dt=1031&pub=Kosmo&sec=Dunia&pg=du_05.htm
(01 Nov 2017)

Sophia robot pertama dapat kerakyatan





AGENSI - SOPHIA menghadiri sesi soal jawab semasa persidangan FII di Riyadh, Rabu lalu.

RIYADH, Arab Saudi – Arab Saudi memberikan taraf kerakyatan kepada sebuah robot humanoid mirip manusia baru-baru ini sekali gus negara pertama di dunia berbuat demikian.
Robot canggih dinamakan Sophia itu berucap kepada sebuah panel industri robotik dan kecerdasan buatan pada persidangan Inisiatif Pelaburan Masa Depan (FII) di Riyadh, Rabu lalu dan diisytiharkan warganegara Arab Saudi sejurus selepas
Dibina oleh firma Hanson Robotics Ltd. yang berpangkalan di Hong Kong, robot humanoid itu memiliki kebolehan ekspresi wajah, ciri estetik dan interaktif luar biasa.
Persidangan FII yang dibiayai Dana Pelaburan Awam bertujuan mengete­ngahkan cita-cita tinggi Arab Saudi dalam mencorak masa depannya melalui pelan Wawasan 2030.
“Kami mahu membuat sedikit pengumuman. Kami baharu sahaja mendapat berita ini. Sophia, saya harap anda mendengar. Anda dianugerahkan kerakyatan Arab Saudi sekali gus yang pertama diberikan kepada sebuah robot,” kata pengacara panel itu, Andrew Ross Sorkin yang juga hos bersama program berita perniagaan terbitan CNBC, Squawk Box.
“Terima kasih kepada kerajaan Arab Saudi. Saya amat berbangga dengan pengumuman ini. Menjadi robot pertama di dunia yang mendapat taraf kerakyatan adalah sesuatu yang bersejarah,” kata Sophia.
Sophia berupaya menjawab pelbagai soalan mengenai robot. Ketika ditanya mengenai robot futuristik jahat yang ditampilkan dalam filem-filem seperti Blade Runner 2049, ia berkata, manusia tidak perlu takut kepada robot.
Bidang robotik merupakan ciri utama projek Neom, sebuah zon perindustrian dan perniagaan mega menelan belanja AS$500 bilion (RM2.1 trilion) yang akan dibina di barat laut Arab Saudi. – Agensi


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