FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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26 November 2018

Presiden Sri Lanka arah siasat rasuah kerajaan terdahulu



Source:
https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/bahasa/s/114203

Presiden Sri Lanka arah siasat rasuah kerajaan terdahulu

Diterbitkan pada 26 Nov 2018 




Presiden Sri Lanka melantik sebuah suruhanjaya bagi menyiasat dakwaan penipuan dan penyelewengan dilakukan kerajaan terdahulu yang diketuai bekas perdana menteri disingkirkan, Ranil Wickremesinghe. – Gambar EPA, 26 November, 2018.



PRESIDEN Sri Lanka Maithripala Sirisena akan melantik sebuah suruhanjaya bagi menyiasat dakwaan penipuan dan penyelewengan dilakukan kerajaan terdahulu yang diketuai bekas perdana menteri disingkirkan, Ranil Wickremesinghe.
Bercakap kepada Persatuan Wartawan Asing pada Ahad, Sirisena berkata beliau tidak berniat menentang perlembagaan negara dengan menyingkirkan Wickremesinghe dan melantik bekas presiden Mahinda Rajapakse mengambil alih jawatan itu.
Menurutnya tindakan berkenaan diambil kerana kerajaan pimpinan bekas perdana menteri itu didakwa terlibat dalam penipuan dan rasuah, lapor agensi berita Xinhua.
“Suruhanjaya baharu akan menyiasat rasuah dan penipuan dilakukan, saya yakin berlaku penipuan yang serius,” katanya.
Katanya, beliau tidak akan melantik semula Wickremesinghe sebagai Perdana Menteri walaupun kerajaan semasa diketuai Mahinda Rajapakse gagal memperolehi majoriti di Parlimen.
“Saya akan melantik seseorang yang boleh bekerja dengan saya dan dasar ekonominya yang memberi manfaat kepada negara.”
Sri Lanka dicengkam kemelut politik serius selepas pemecatan Wickremesinghe pada 26 Oktober, apabila bekas perdana menteri itu dan partinya, Parti Bersatu Kebangsaan (UNP) mendakwa presiden telah melanggar perlembagaan dengan memecatnya.
UNP berkata kerajaan sementara yang dilantik Sirisena tidak dapat diteruskan kerana kalah dalam undi tidak percaya di Parlimen.
Keputusan itu bagaimanapun ditolak Sirisena dengan mengatakan ia dilaksanakan tidak mengikut peraturan perlembagaan oleh Speaker Karu Jayasuriya.
Presiden mahu Parlimen mengadakan semula undian mengikuti semua tradisi parlimen.
Pada minggu lepas seramai 122 ahli Parlimen Sri Lanka turut memfailkan tuntutan di mahkamah berhubung penubuhan kerajaan baharu.
Sirisena mempertahankan bahawa krisis yang berlaku sekarang tidak serius dan menjejaskan kehidupan rakyat Sri Lanka, selain memberi jaminan ia akan diselesaikan tidak lama lagi. – Bernama, 26 November, 2018.
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