FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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17 May 2019

Manchester United, Paul Pogba went to Mecca !


SOURCE: 
https://www.bharian.com.my/sukan/bola/2019/05/564993/pogba-kunjungi-makkah

PAUL Pogba memanfaatkan bulan Ramadan apabila mengunjungi Makkah. - Foto IG Paul Pogba

Pogba kunjungi Makkah



LONDON: Bintang Manchester United, Paul Pogba memanfaatkan bulan Ramadan apabila mengunjungi Makkah.
Pogba berada kota suci itu bersama beberapa rakan termasuk Kurt Zouma yang beraksi bersamanya dalam skuad Perancis.
Ini bukan kali pertama Pogba berkunjung ke Makkah sebaliknya pernah melakukannya pada dua musim sebelum ini.
Pemain yang dilaporkan bakal meninggalkan Old Trafford itu turut memuat naik dua keping gambar dalam akaun sosial media Instagram miliknya.
"Jangan lupakan perkara penting dalam hidup," katanya menerusi gambar yang dimuatnaik.
United menamatkan musim ini dengan kekecewaan selepas tunduk 0-2 kepada Cardiff City untuk menamatkan saingan musim ini di tangga keenam serta terlepas slot ke Liga Juara-Juara musim depan.
Ketika ini, Pogba muncul sebagai sasaran utama Zinadine Zidane untuk dibawa masuk menyertai gergasi Sepanyol, Real Madrid. -Agensi










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