FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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06 April 2020

Payah berlaku jangkitan Covid-19 (dari Manusia kpd Haiwan) !!




SOURCE:
https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/03/559898/payah-berlaku-jangkitan-covid-19

Payah berlaku jangkitan Covid-19


Amir Abd Hamid
amir_hamid@mediaprima.com.my

JANGKITAN Covid-19 boleh berlaku daripada manusia kepada haiwan namun kebarangkalian terjadinya kejadian seumpama amat rendah.
Dekan Fakulti Perubatan Veterinar Universiti Putra Malaysia Profesor Dr Abdul Rahman Omar berkata, banyak faktor berkaitan manusia, haiwan dan persekitaran memainkan peranan dalam hal ini.
“Boleh berlaku kemungkinan virus Covid-19 daripada manusia dipindahkan ke haiwan peliharaan seperti anjing dan kucing. Bagaimanapun kemungkinan untuk ini berlaku adalah sangat-sangat rendah.
“Haiwan yang dijangkiti mungkin tidak menunjukkan tanda jangkitan atau mengalami tanda jangkitan yang rendah.
“Apa yang penting risiko untuk haiwan yang dijangkiti bagi menyebarkan virus berkenaan kepada manusia adalah sangat-sangat rendah,” katanya ketika dihubungi menerusi WhatsApp, hari ini.
Justeru, katanya, orang ramai tidak perlu risau tetapi adalah penting mengambil langkah berjaga-jaga sekiranya disahkan positif Covid-19 iaitu perlu mengasingkan diri daripada orang lain termasuk haiwan pelihara mereka.
Media antarabangsa melaporkan pihak berkuasa kesihatan Belgium melaporkan terdapat satu kes Covid-19 membabitkan seekor kucing yang dijangkiti daripada tuannya yang juga seorang wanita.
Kes berkenaan adalah pertama seumpamanya dilaporkan membabitkan kucing dan Ketua Bahagian Penyakit Berjangkit Institut Kesihatan Belgium Steven van Gucht berkata, ia disifatkan kes terpencil.
Terdahulu, pihak berkuasa Hong Kong dilaporkan berkata, dua anjing dikesan positif Covid-19 di negara berkenaan


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