FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:


Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

.

11 July 2009

The Bush Administration's Activities

URLhttp://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/mp/5718313/bush-allowed-unprecedented-spying/ (11th July 2009)

Bush allowed 'unprecedented' spying
AAP July 11, 2009, 7:01 am

The Bush administration authorised secret surveillance activities that have still not been made public, according to a new US government report that questions the legal basis for the unprecedented anti-terrorism program. It is unclear how much valuable intelligence was yielded by the surveillance program started after the September 11, 2001, terror attacks, according to the unclassified summary of reports by five inspectors-general. The reports mandated by Congress last year were delivered to lawmakers on Friday.

President George W Bush authorised other secret intelligence activities - which have yet to become public - even as he was launching the massive warrantless wiretapping program, the summary said. It describes the entire program as the President's Surveillance Program. The report describes the program as unprecedented and raises questions about the legal grounding used for its creation. It also says the intelligence agencies' continued retention and use of the information collected under the program should be carefully monitored.

Many senior intelligence officials believe the program filled a gap in intelligence. Others, including FBI, CIA and National Counterterrorism Centre analysts, said intelligence gathered by traditional means was often more specific and timely, according to the report. The Bush White House acknowledged in 2005 it allowed the National Security Agency to intercept international communications that passed through US cables without court orders.

The inspectors-general interviewed more than 200 government officials and private sector personnel, including former CIA and NSA director Michael Hayden, former defence secretary Donald Rumsfeld and former attorney-general Alberto Gonzales. Five former Bush administration officials refused to be interviewed, including former CIA director George Tenet and former attorney-general John Ashcroft. The others were former White House chief-of-staff Andrew Card; former top Cheney aide David Addington; and John Yoo, who served as a deputy assistant attorney-general.

The IG report said an unnamed White House official inserted a paragraph into the first threat assessment prepared by the CIA after the September 11 attacks, which was used to justify the extraordinary intelligence measures. The paragraph said the "individuals and organisations involved in global terrorism possessed the capability and intention to undertake further terrorist attacks within the United States", according to the report. It also said the president should authorise the NSA to conduct the surveillance activities.

Congress required the review of the so-called warrantless wire-tapping program last year when it revised the FISA, a 30 year-old law that created a secret court to oversee government electronic surveillance. The inspectors general of the CIA, Justice Department, Defence Department, National Security Agency and Office of the National Intelligence Director also reviewed the Bush-era surveillance program.

Comments:

What is certain is that, Bush may not even know what he is signing, just that he need to sign the ‘Intelligence Activities’ of the CIA, FBI, and others. And most of the Directors of these agencies are Jews.

Also see, Official Documents of the United States of America:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Official_documents_of_the_United_States

Aganist ISA - Internal Security Act (1960), M'sia

As Per the Constitutional Rights below:

“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” (Fourth Amendment, of the United States of America)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution

26 June 2009

Senjata Taser Boleh Mendatangkan Bahaya Kpd Orang Ramai..




Source: http://www.hmetro.com.my/Current_News/myMetro/Friday/Setempat/20090626071414/Article/index_html (26th June 2009)

Taser X26 senjata ‘mesra nyawa’ ?!
KUALA LUMPUR: Taser X26 yang bakal digunakan Polis Diraja Malaysia tidak lama lagi. Selepas sekian lama menggunakan senjata pistol diisi peluru hidup, Pasukan Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) beralih kepada dimensi baru apabila bakal memperkenalkan senjata baru dikenali Taser X26 berkuasa renjatan elektrik bagi melumpuhkan penjenayah serta-merta.Senjata baru berkenaan yang dianggap ‘mesra nyawa’ menjadi pilihan PDRM berikutan ia dianggap praktikal untuk menundukkan penjenayah kurang berbahaya tanpa mendatangkan kecederaan serius atau kesan kesakitan jangka panjang. Difahamkan, senjata Taser X26 yang digunakan polis Amerika Syarikat dan kebanyakan pihak berkuasa di Eropah menjadi pilihan PDRM baru-baru ini dan bakal dibekalkan kepada anggota polis di setiap kontinjen bagi rondaan cegah jenayah tidak lama lagi. Berdasarkan maklumat sebanyak 210 unit senjata Taser X26 sudah dibeli PDRM menerusi syarikat ejen pengedaran PDT Ventures beribu pejabat di ibu kota.


Komen:


Memang betul polis di negara maju seperti Amerika Syarikat, Britain, Australia, dan sebagainya, menggunakan senjata Taser. Tetapi perlu diingat bahawa di negara maju tersebut, kereta polis sentiasa dilengkapi dengan kamera (yang dipasang dalam kereta peronda). Kamera ini penting supaya polis tidak menyalahgunakan kuasa mereka dengan menggunakan senjata Taser tersebut sesuka hati.


Bayangkan kalau polis 'sentiasa merasakan' yang orang yang mereka hendak berkas itu 'susah' (atau berbahaya). Dan perlu ingat, setiap orang yang diberkas polis tidak semestinya bersalah (atau dianggap sebagai penjenayah) sehinggalah mereka dibuktikan bersalah oleh mahkamah. Justeru itu, polis tidak boleh mengganggap mereka yang diberkas (polis) itu penjenayah atau orang berbahaya. Orang itu mungkin mereka yang 'tersalah' diberkas oleh polis.


Persoalan saya ialah, kalau polis menyalahgunakan kuasa mereka dan menggunakan senjata Taser setiap kali hendak memberkas orang ramai, siapa yang akan memantau keadaan mereka tersebut? Senjata Taser ini syok digunakan, senang digunakan, sebab itulah penyalahgunaannya juga tinggi (dengan senjata hidup pula, polis tidak boleh sesuka hati tembak orang ramai, sebab itulah penyalahgunaannya juga mudah dikesan).. Saya memang tidak syor PDRM menggunakan senjata Taser! NGOs perlu menyuarakan pendapat mereka!


03 June 2009

Child Abuse and Child Love

Comments:

Below WE have TWO extreme cases, one case was where the parents become so wacky (mad, crazy) that they starved their child (a 7 year-old girl) to death. I do not know the real (or rational) reason behind that, but there are sure some crazy people who just simply care less of their child welfare and well-being, not enough of these may be less acceptable - But to abuse, and subsequently 'murder' one's child is definitely a crime - whether by definition of law or religious value! Child abuse is part and parcel of their life, and nothing seems to be extremely wrong with it. Blaming one's bad background and bad environment upbringing as attributed to one's abusive actions is definitely not an excuse (in the eyes of the laws or religious laws!).

Source:
URLhttp://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/mp/5622463/childs-head-was-skull-wrapped-in-skin/ (3rd June 2009)

On the other hand, WE have cases of parents who extremely love their son/daughter more than gold and/or more than diamond. Loving one’s child is definitely not a crime, BUT loving so much, to the extends of spoiling one’s own child, so much so that every wish of the child is fulfilled, and even to commit suicide IF one’s child suddenly dies – Thus, according to religious teaching, is a ‘moral decay’ and/or a moral crime (and religious crime).

Source:
URLhttp://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/world/5622017/couple-jump-off-uk-cliff-with-dead-child/ (3rd June 2009)

Child Abuse and Child Love


Child's head was 'skull wrapped in skin'
AAP June 2, 2009, 5:40 pm
It would have been clear a seven-year-old girl was dying from starvation because her head resembled a skull wrapped in skin, a medical specialist has told a jury. The seven-year-old was found dead at the family's home at Hawks Nest, north of Newcastle, on November 3, 2007.
Her parents, who cannot be named for legal reasons, are standing trial in the NSW Supreme Court after pleading not guilty to one count each of murder.

Gastroenterologist Dr Edward O'Loughlin told the jury on Tuesday the girl was probably unable to walk or even sit up on the night before her death. "Very unlikely - in fact, I think it would have been highly likely to an onlooker she was in the process of dying," Dr O'Loughlin told the court. But, he said, he believed the girl could still have been saved had she been treated even hours before death. "In the last days of her life, she would have been incapable of eating or drinking," Dr O'Loughlin said.

"(But) even if hours from death from malnutrition you could salvage the patient and save them." Dennis Stewart, for the mother, asked the specialist whether it was possible the girl could have resisted food the day before her death. "That's possible, but when you get to that point you should be in a hospital being treated," Dr O'Loughlin replied.

The gastroenterologist earlier told the jury he had reviewed the case, including evidence from a post-mortem examination. He said it was one of the most severe cases he had seen after treating "many hundreds" of malnourished children over 25 years. "(I've) never looked after someone so malnourished," he said. "I've seen pictures in textbooks and of Holocaust victims but I've never treated anyone this malnourished."
Asked to describe the girl's state of emaciation, he said it gave her the "appearance of a skull wrapped in skin". "There was faeces in her hair, which would indicate, to me, a serious state of neglect. "She was one of the most profoundly malnourished images I have ever seen. She needed to be in hospital in an intensive care unit."
On the final day of prosecution evidence, the court also heard police advised the parents to leave (??) their Hawks Nest home to escape constant media pressure just seven days before their arrest on NSW's south coast. Detective Sergeant Robert Gregory said police had difficulty finding the couple after they left Hawks Nest and launched a media appeal on November 16, 2007, to find them. They were arrested the next day at Albion Park Rail, south of Wollongong.
Sgt Gregory said the father needed medication when the couple were taken to Port Kembla police station. "His hands were shaking vigorously. He was extremely pale," he said. The father was given Valium in hospital then taken back to the police station. "He had settled down and wasn't shaking any more," Sgt Gregory said.
The court has previously heard the 47-year-old had been addicted to prescription drugs since he was 18, taking up to 500 Valium tablets each month. The trial before Justice Robert Allan Hulme at East Maitland continues.

Comments:
SO, the parents have taken 500 valium tablets each months, when they were younger, BUT does that justified their crime on their helpless child?

URLhttp://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/world/5622017/couple-jump-off-uk-cliff-with-dead-child/ (3rd June 2009)

Couple jump off UK cliff with dead child
AAP June 3, 2009, 10:05 am

Police say a five-year-old boy whose body was found at a British beauty spot with those of his parents had died from meningitis at his home four days earlier, according to reports. Sam Puttick's body was found in a rucksack, next to the bodies of Kazumi and Neil Puttick, at the bottom of a cliff. It's believed Sam's parents were grief-stricken over his death, and jumped to their deaths.
Coastguards found the three bodies at the base of a notorious suicide spot at Beachy Head, in East Sussex on Monday. A second rucksack found by rescuers nearby was filled with toys. Sussex Police said they were not treating the deaths as suspicious. "We are investigating exactly what led to this terrible tragedy but a line of inquiry is that the parents were so overcome with grief at their son's fairly sudden death that they decided they could not bear to go on without him," a police source told the Daily Mail.
"He had a short illness and died at home, of natural causes. They seem to have been a normal family struck by awful circumstances." Eastbourne Coastguard station officer Stuart McNab said they discovered the two rucksacks, one containing the child's body, and the other filled with toys.
"The bag was closed when I got to it. I saw what I thought was a doll's head, but on closer examination it was a child," he told reporters at the scene.
Friend Sue Capon told the BBC they both lived for Sam. "Neil and Kazumi gave 110% to Sam," she said. "Their life was Sam and without him their life did not mean anything to them. They were devoted to one another as well as to their child and it's just such a sad ending."

Comments:
Is that a wise thing to do, spoiling your own child by giving him 110 %?? Worst still, the parents committed suicide when their child suddenly died of an illness.

30 May 2009

Old Wok at 106 Years

URLhttp://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Saturday/Frontpage/2479571/Article/index_html 2009/02/14 (Accessed on 30th May 2009)

For 37-year old Muhammad Noor and wife, 106-year old Wok, every day is Valentine's Day
By : Zainuddin Muhammad

Wok Kundor and her husband Muhammad Noor Che Musa are deeply committed to each other despite the big age gap.


KUALA TERENGGANU: When Muhammad Noor Che Musa and Wok Kundor tied the knot just over three years ago, nobody gave their marriage much of a chance to survive.

After all, he had just turned 34 and the bride was 103. Now, three years on, the couple who reside in Kampung Tok Bak near here have surprised many by staying happily married and proving that love will conquer all, if given a chance.

Noor, from Tanah Merah, said almost every family member, friend and neighbour had once dismissed his decision to marry Wok as a desperate attempt for companionship.

"In the beginning, we were the talk of the town, if not the whole state and country. We ended up in the news a few times.

"But now, most of the people I care about, especially my family and close friends, have accepted Wok as my life partner. Most of our neighbours have also accepted that this marriage is for the long-haul," he said yesterday.

Wok, who was born in Bachok but has been living in Kuala Berang district for more than 50 years, said some neighbours hurled hurtful remarks at them in the beginning but patience and perseverance finally won them over.

"I couldn't say the same about the press though, as from time to time, some newspaper or magazine from as far as Singapore, Indonesia, China and Japan will come looking for stories.

"They must have been disappointed to find out that we're living a normal life.

"Sometimes, I just wish that people will leave us alone but I guess there's really no chance of that happening as there are not many 106-year-old women with 37-year-old husbands," she said laughingly.

When asked how it had all began, Noor said it was certainly not love at first sight. What started as friendship developed into something stronger and eventually led to a matrimonial bond which, according to him, would only take death to part them.

"I know some people are wondering why we decided to get married but rest assured that it has nothing to do with material things as we are living modestly on my income as odd-job labourer and Wok's RM200 allowance from the Welfare Department," he said.

"I don't know how poor we are but we lost most of our worldly possession, including television set, washing machine, stove, fans and even our beds when our house was burgled in December 2008. We have yet to replace some of the items."

Wok was quick to add that the most important thing was they had each other.

She claimed it was a good thing that they did not have their television set as it had given them more time to read the Quran together.

As for the secret to their blissful marriage, Wok said like any other, theirs also had some ups and downs but she added it was vital to remember not to go to bed angry with each other. When asked if he had to make sacrifices in order to be with Wok, Noor said it was no sacrifice at all and that he had never been happier.

Both husband and wife also admitted they were not too familiar with Valentine's Day but said if it meant a day for professing love for one another, then every day for the past three years had been Valentine's for them.

27 May 2009

Maizawati, Akhil Hayy & Wahidah



Komen:


Wahidah tak cantik pun, cuba lah tengok gambar kat bawah tu... isteri pertama lagi cantik... memang sejak dulu lagi, saya tak suka penampilan Wahidah, dia kurus sangat, hipokrit pun ada... satu hari kata agama suruh tak boleh buat ini dan itu, besok hari disyaki pergi tengok wayang pula, ini tidak termasuk 'cair' suami orang (Harian Metro, 27th May 2009)...


URLhttp://www.hmetro.com.my/Wednesday/BeritaUtama/20090527062403/Article (27th May 2009)





Bom jangka meletup
Oleh Muhd Izawan Baharin dan Syarifah Dayana Syed Bakriam@hmetro.com.my

KUALA LUMPUR: Isteri kepada penceramah bebas, Akhil Hayy, Maizawati Zainal mengibaratkan dirinya seperti ‘bom jangka’ berhubung gosip suaminya dengan penyanyi berirama padang pasir, Waheeda.Ketika ditemubual dalam rancangan Wanita Hari Ini (WHI) terbitan TV3 di sini, semalam, dia mengaku kini tidak mampu lagi menahan sabar hingga sanggup meluahkan ‘pemberontakannya’ melalui media dengan kemunculan pertama, Ahad lalu. Maizawati menjelaskan bahawa kemunculannya di televisyen dan media cetak sebagai cara untuk menamatkan kekusutan yang berlaku.“Tindakan saya membuat pengakuan di media bukan untuk memburukkan sesiapa, sebaliknya menutup semua cerita yang didengar dengan keputusan muktamad.

Tidak perlu saya menjaja cerita peribadi kerana saya sudah membuat keputusan dan segalanya akan diputuskan di mahkamah nanti,” katanya yang belum menerima panggilan telefon daripada Akhil Hayy sejak Ahad lalu.

(Komen: Apa pula tak perlu jaja cerita suami, dah jaja pun, Maizawati yg pergi jumpa media, itu lah suami dia tak suka, sebab itu dia mendiamkan diri...)

(Dia berkata, kesabarannya mendengar pelbagai cerita kurang enak mengenai suami dan Waheeda dipendam sejak dua tahun lalu selepas tersebar gosip mereka keluar bersama, ditambah pula cerita pergi menonton wayang.“Walaupun pelbagai cerita saya dengar, selagi tiada pengakuan daripada suami, saya anggap perkara itu tidak serius.“Namun, lama-kelamaan ia menjadi semakin parah apatah lagi dengan cerita mereka sudah berkahwin. Saya hanya perhatikan dari jauh dan tidak menyimpan syak hingga suami memohon keizinan untuk mengahwini penyanyi berkenaan,” katanya.

Maizawati berkata, sepatutnya isu rumah tangga mereka tidak perlu diperbesarkan kerana dia membuat keputusan mengundur diri dan mengizinkan Akhil berkahwin dengan penyanyi itu.“Saya sudah memberikan lampu hijau untuk suami memperisterikan wanita itu dan keputusan sudah dibuat pada Februari lalu. “Namun, sehingga kini masih tidak ada jawapan kerana selepas kami berbincang mengenai perkara itu, suami saya tidak memberi kata putus, sebaliknya mengatakan untuk berbincang dengan penyanyi berkenaan,” katanya.

Maizawati menjelaskan dia tidak perlu bersemuka dengan Waheeda kerana menganggap ia hanya akan memanjangkan lagi cerita.“Buat apa saya nak bersemuka dengan dia? Kalau nak berbincang, sepatutnya dia datang berjumpa saya sejak pertama kali gosip mereka disiarkan dan meminta maaf serta jelaskan perkara sebenar kerana dia dikaitkan dengan suami orang.“ Mengapa baru sekarang dia katakan macam-macam seolah-olah saya yang timbulkan masalah,” katanya. Sebagai orang yang beragama, kata wanita beranak enam itu, Waheeda sepatutnya tahu batas pergaulan mereka, terutama dengan menjalin persahabatan dengan suami orang.“Dia berkawan dengan suami saya dan sebagai seorang perempuan dia patut tahu bagaimana membawa diri tatkala berdamping dengan suami orang,” katanya. Maizawati bagaimanapun bersimpati dengan nasib menimpa suaminya kerana berikutan isu perpisahan itu, imejnya yang terkenal dengan jolokan Ustaz Rock tercalar.“ Saya kasihan dengan suami saya kerana dia tersepit. Namun, saya tekad membuat keputusan berpisah kerana ia jalan terbaik untuk semua pihak dan meyakinkan diri perpisahan bukan bererti permusuhan buat kami,” katanya.


Komen: Kalau kasihan tu, bagi lah Akhil Hayy kahwin aje dengan si Wahidah tu, bukan best sangant pun si Wahidah tu, orang kedua aje).