FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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15 October 2014

Ganjaran RM96.5 Juta Cari Dalang MH17 !

Source:
http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/302


Ganjaran RM96.5 juta cari dalang

Oleh Mohamad Azim Fitri Abd Aziz  

Kuala Lumpur: Seorang penderma yang tidak dikenali mendepositkan AS$30 juta (RM96.53 juta) ke akaun sebuah firma penyiasatan persendirian Jerman untuk diberi kepada mana-mana pihak yang dapat memberikan bukti dalang yang bertanggungjawab menembak jatuh pesawat MAS MH17 pada 17 Julai lalu.

Menurut Portal Berita The Local edisi Jerman, wang tawaran itu diserahkan kepada sebuah firma yang berpusat di Schleswig-Holstein di utara Jerman iaitu Wifka.

Wifka dalam satu kenyaataan yang disiarkan dalam laman webnya, semalam menyatakan penderma tersebut mahukan kepastian siapakah yang bertanggungjawab dalam memberikan arahan untuk menembak jatuh pesawat itu dan senjata yang digunakan.

Wifka turut memberi jaminan bahawa orang yang mendedahkan kebenaran itu akan diberikan identiti baru sebagai langkah perlindungan.

"Sesiapa yang memberikan bukti dalam mengenalpasti dalang kejadian itu akan diberikan ganjaran sebanyak AS$30 Juta.

Wang hadiah itu kini disimpan di Zurich, Switzerland, menurut kenyataan itu.

Artikel ini disiarkan pada : Khamis, 18 September 2014
- See more at: http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/302#sthash.kPdaMn5a.dpuf
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Comment: 

How about MH 370, doesn't the government of Malaysia or China wants to give cash rewards of USD20 million for news to the whereabout of MH370 ?

With regards to MH 17, I can already visioned that this case will be closed with result soon. As some soldiers will come out and testified that he was ordered by one general to shoot down MH17, for reasons not mentioned.


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