FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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15 October 2014

Rupanya Orang Yang Ingin di Bantu itu Penyamun !


Sumber:
http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/338

Rupanya Orang Yang Ingin di Bantu itu Penyamun !


Mohd Izhar Aziz, 38, yang menjadi mangsa samun empat lelaki dalam kejadian pukul 8.30 pagi itu berkata beliau dalam perjalanan pulang ke rumahnya yang terletak kira-kira satu kilometer dari tempat kejadian dan terkejut apabila melihat sebuah kereta Kelisa berwarna kelabu terbalik dalam parit.

“Saya melihat dua lelaki melambai-lambai tangan dan seorang daripadanya meminta tolong serta memberitahu bahunya patah. Seorang lagi pula merangkak keluar dari kereta berkenaan dan apabila cuba berdiri, dia terjatuh dan berdasarkan pemerhatian saya, kemungkinan kakinya patah manakala dua lagi rakan mereka tidak mengalami kecederaan.

“Saya dan beberapa pengguna jalan raya di tempat kejadian cuba memberi bantuan kepada mereka,” katanya ketika dihubungi di sini malam ini.

Mohd Izhar berkata beliau kemudiannya menyuruh empat lelaki berkenaan masuk dan berehat di dalam vannya sebelum beliau pergi semula ke arah kereta mereka yang terbalik dalam parit, terletak kira-kira 10 meter dari situ.

“Tiba-tiba saya dengar bunyi enjin kenderaan dan nampak seorang daripadanya memandu van dan memecut laju, tidak sempat untuk saya berbuat apa-apa,” katanya.

Berikutan kejadian itu, Mohd Izhar berkata beliau kerugian RM3,700 dan sebuah telefon bimbit yang diletakkan dalam van itu.

“Saya baharu sahaja membuat pinjaman dengan majikan dan duit RM3,000 itu ingin digunakan untuk perbelanjaan sekolah tiga orang anak saya dan tidak sangka jadi begini,” katanya yang bekerja dengan sebuah syarikat swasta di Seberang Jaya.

Beliau juga tidak menyangka mangsa kemalangan berkenaan merupakan penjenayah kerana sebelum kejadian itu, mereka telah menyamun seorang wanita.

Terdahulu, keempat-empat suspek berkenaan telah menyamun seorang wanita di hadapan rumahnya di Bandar Putra Bertam, di sini dan melarikan beg berisi pakaian, wang tunai dan cermin mata. - Bernama


Artikel ini disiarkan pada : Khamis, 18 September 2014
- See more at: http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/338#sthash.7dzy7dY5.dpuf


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