FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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24 April 2015

2015 Malaysia Richest People !



Source: Intelligent Money Sdn Bhd
https://www.imoney.my/articles/top-10-richest-men-in-malaysia-2015?utm_source=taboola&utm_medium=content-paid&utm_campaign=iMoneyMY


2015 MALAYSIA RICHEST MEN !

“Sugar King” Robert Kuok, safeguarded his number one position in the list, saw his net worth slipped by US$200 million (RM722 million) last year due to the plunge in commodity prices to US$11.3 billion.
Likewise, Ananda Krishna, maintained his second position but saw a drop in wealth from US11.3 billion to US$9.7 billion.
There have been some changes in net worth and placements in the list, with two new faces in the top 10 list: Goh Peng Ooi, the first technopreneur to hit the top 10 with US$1.6 billion (an increase of US$0.5 billion from last year) and Lee Oi Hian & Lee Hau Hian, who saw their net worth spike from US$1 billion to US$1.5 billion.
This year, four new contenders joined the top 50 list: real estate tycoon Khoo Cheng Hai, packaging specialist Lim Teck Meng of Scientex Bhd, oil-ship fabricator tycoon Ng Chin Heng of Coastal Contracts Bhd, and co-founder of United Overseas Australia Ltd, Kong Chong Soon.
The minimum net worth required to be eligible for the list this year is US$240 million, up from US$220 million a year ago.
Some of the tycoons who saw their net worth slipped due to the sluggish stock market and slump in oil price are Tan Sri Mokhzani Mahathir, an investor in O&G services provider SapuraKencana Petroleum Bhd, by US$700 million, and the Tan Sri Shahril Shamsuddin and Tan Sri Shahriman Shamsuddin, the main investors in SapuraKencana, by US$860 million.










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