FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

30 September 2018

Penjawat awam minum air ketum meningkat ?!!

SOURCE:
http://www.kosmo.com.my/negara/penjawat-awam-minum-air-ketum-meningkat-di-putrajaya-1.756699

Penjawat awam minum air ketum meningkat di Putrajaya

28 September 2018 6:15 PM

Gambar hiasan.

PUTRAJAYA - Kes penyalahgunaan air ketum khususnya dalam kalangan penjawat awam di Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan telah menunjukkan peningkatan.

Ketua Polis Daerah Putrajaya, Asisten Komisioner Rosly Hassan berkata, rekod Ibu Pejabat Daerah Putrajaya menunjukkan sebanyak 58 tangkapan dalam tempoh sembilan bulan pertama pada tahun ini berbanding 30 tangkapan bagi tempoh yang sama pada tahun lepas.

Bagi tempoh yang sama, beliau berkata, polis juga melakukan 29 rampasan pada tahun ini berbanding 16 rampasan pada tahun lepas.

“Siasatan awal polis mendapati mereka mendapatkan daun ketum ketika balik kampung dan diproses di sini untuk kegunaan sendiri atau diagih kepada rakan-rakan bukan untuk dijual secara besar-besaran.

“Polis Putrajaya akan meningkatkan pemantauan,” katanya kepada pemberita selepas menghadiri Program Hari Bertemu Pelanggan anjuran IPD Putrajaya di sini hari ini.

Beliau menambah bahawa rampasan terbaharu adalah pada dua minggu lepas di mana polis merampas 23 botol (1.5 liter) air ketum siap diproses di sebuah premis di Presint 18.

Rosly berkata, rampasan dan tangkapan dibuat di kawasan perumahan dan juga kaunter agensi kerajaan di Presint 1, Presint 9, Presint 11 dan Presint 18 serta suspek berusia antara 20 hingga 40 tahun. - Bernama

New Streets Times (NSTs)

FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

30 September 2018

Penjawat awam minum air ketum meningkat ?!!

Penjawat awam minum air ketum meningkat di Putrajaya

Malaysians Billionaire !