FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

06 September 2018

Permainan online ‘Momo’

COMMENT:

The government should BANNED this video game MOMO with immediate effects, for the safety and harmony of the people and society!!

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SOURCE:
http://www.kosmo.com.my/dunia/dua-remaja-korban-terbaharu-permainan-online-8216-momo-8217-1.741713

Dua remaja korban terbaharu permainan online ‘Momo’

05 September 2018 3:00 AM

BARBOSA, Colombia – Dua orang remaja di sini menjadi korban terbaharu permainan online Momo Challenge selepas mereka dikatakan membunuh diri semasa menyahut cabaran bermain melalui aplikasi WhatsApp.

Kejadian yang menimpa remaja perempuan berusia 12 tahun dan remaja lelaki berusia 16 tahun itu berlaku dalam tempoh hanya 48 jam di bandar Barbosa yang terletak di kawasan Santander, barat laut Colombia.

Media tempatan melaporkan, mayat remaja lelaki itu ditemui dahulu dan dia dipercayai mengenali mangsa kedua tersebut.

Dia dilaporkan menyerahkan permainan Momo itu kepada remaja perempuan terbabit. Mayat remaja perempuan itu ditemui tergantung di dalam almari pakaiannya.

Setiausaha kerajaan, Janier Landono berkata: “Ternyata mereka bermain permainan ini melalui WhatsApp dan mengajak anak muda mencederakan diri sendiri. Permainan ini mempunyai cabaran yang berbeza dan membunuh diri merupakan pengakhirannya.”

Momo Challenge yang menyasarkan golongan remaja, mencabar pengguna berkomunikasi dengan individu dikenali sebagai ‘Momo’ menerusi aplikasi WhatsApp. Selepas itu, Momo akan menetapkan sasaran dan pengguna perlu mengikut setiap arahan.

Jika tidak memberikan respons, Momo akan mula menakut-nakutkan pengguna termasuk ugutan untuk menyebarkan maklumat peribadi dan mencederakan ahli keluarga. – Agensi

New Streets Times (NSTs)

FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

06 September 2018

Permainan online ‘Momo’

Dua remaja korban terbaharu permainan online ‘Momo’

Malaysians Billionaire !