FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

19 September 2019

Kamera badan tangani salah laku penguat kuasa !

SOURCE:
https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/kamera-badan-tangani-salah-laku-penguat-kuasa-1.973298

Kamera badan tangani salah laku penguat kuasa

PUTRAJAYA 19 Sept. - Kerajaan akan melaksanakan penggunaan kamera badan pada pegawai penguat kuasa seperti polis, kastam dan imigresen bagi menangani salah laku.

Perdana Menteri, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad berkata, pelaksanaan itu penting berikutan terdapat dakwaan pegawai penguat kuasa memukul individu yang berurusan dengan mereka.

Beliau berkata, pendekatan itu sebahagian daripada keputusan yang dicapai dalam mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Khas.

Kabinet Mengenai Anti-Rasuah (JKKMAR) Kali ke-10, bagi memperkasa kecekapan dan ketelusan pasukan penguat kuasa.

Cadangan lain katanya, termasuk

mewujudkan pusat kawalan setempat,

pemantauan melalui Kamera Litar Tertutup (CCTV) di pintu masuk dan penjara, menambah mesin pengimbas berteknologi kecerdasan buatan (AI) serta Alat Bantuan

Operasi (ABO).

"Penggunaan kamera badan membolehkan setiap perbuatan dan percakapan mereka dirakamkan, sekali gus mengelak salah laku seperti dakwaan memukul pelanggan (orang yang berurusan dengan pihak berkuasa).

"Penggunaan kamera badan bagaimanapun hanya akan dilaksanakan selepas kerajaan mempunyai sumber kewangan yang cukup," katanya dalam sidang akhbar selepas mempengerusikan mesyuarat JKKMAR Kali Ke-10 di Bangunan Perdana Putra di sini hari ini.

Perdana Menteri menjelaskan, usaha memperkasa dan meningkatkan ketelusan pegawai penguat kuasa penting kerana negara mengalami kebocoran hasil di pintu keluar masuk antara RM3 bilion hingga RM 5 bilion setahun akibat masalah integriti pegawai dan

kekurangan peralatan teknologi terkini.

Usaha itu juga katanya, selaras dengan janji kerajaan untuk menjadikan pasukan penguat kuasa dan keselamatan khususnya Pasukan Polos Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) pasukan yang dihormati dan disegani.

Dalam itu, beliau berkata, kerajaan akan melaksanakan pergerakan kakitangan awam ke tempat yang lebih penting dalam usaha memenuhi keperluan agensi-agensi penguat kuasa seperti kastam, polis dan imigresen yang memerlukan tambahan anggota berikutan kedatangan semakin ramai pelancong dan kemasukan warga asing ke Malaysia.

Jelasnya, kerajaan ketika ini tidak dapat membuat pengambilan baharu kerana jumlah kakitangan awam yang ada sekarang sebanyak 1.7 juta sudah terlalu banyak, selain kekangan kewangan.

"Kita akan memberi keutamaan (pergerakan penjawatan awam dan tambahan peralatan) kepada (agensi-agensi) yang penting," katanya.

Mengenai Belanjawan 2020, Perdana Menteri berkata, kerajaan akan memastikan bahawa

hasrat untuk menjadikan Malaysia sebuah negara yang berintegriti tinggi dan pengurusan governans yang baik terus dilaksanakan melalui inisiatif-inisiatif dalam Pelan Anti Rasuah Nasional (NACP). - UTUSAN ONLINE

New Streets Times (NSTs)

FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

19 September 2019

Kamera badan tangani salah laku penguat kuasa !

Kamera badan tangani salah laku penguat kuasa

Malaysians Billionaire !