FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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27 November 2010

Yayasan Selangor & Kepincangan !

Komen:
Majlis Makan Tengah hari yang tidak munasabah makan diri sendiri... ITU lah tutup mata dan 'sign' sebarangan tender (atau mereka turut terlibat dalam rasuah). Biarlah mahkamah menyiasat. Mereka yang amal rasuah, perlu bertanggungjawab atas perbuatan mereka!
(27th November 2010)

SPRM ambil kenyataan dua pegawai Yayasan Selangor
SHAH ALAM 26 Nov. - Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia (SPRM) semalam mengambil kenyataan dua pegawai Yayasan Selangor bagi membantu siasatan kos tidak munasabah majlis makan tengah hari sempena sambutan ulang tahun ke-40 yayasan itu yang mencecah RM300,000.

Kenyataan kedua-dua pegawai terlibat yang masing-masing dari bahagian perundangan dan sumber manusia itu diambil di ibu pejabat yayasan tersebut di Petaling Jaya. Difahamkan, SPRM turut mengambil beberapa dokumen dari pejabat kedua-dua pegawai terlibat untuk membantu siasatan.

Pengurus Besar Yayasan Selangor, Ilham Marzuki yang dihubungi Utusan Malaysia mengesahkan perkara itu. Menurut Ilham, beliau diberitahu mengenai kedatangan SPRM ke pejabat yayasan melalui telefon kerana berada di bangunan Setiausaha Kerajaan Negeri (SUK) untuk menghadiri mesyuarat Majlis Tindakan Ekonomi Selangor (MTES).

"Kami akan memberikan kerjasama sepenuhnya kepada SPRM hingga siasatan kes ini selesai," katanya. Isnin lalu, SPRM menahan seorang pegawai kanan Yayasan Selangor bagi membantu siasatan kos tidak munasabah majlis makan tengah hari itu. SPRM kemudian mendapatkan perintah tahanan reman selama seminggu terhadap pegawai kanan yang sedang menjalani arahan cuti bergaji selama sebulan itu yang akan berakhir 29 November ini.

Semalam, SPRM mengambil kenyataan Menteri Besar, Tan Sri Abdul Khalid Ibrahim bagi membantu siasatan yang sama. Bagaimanapun pihak Sekretariat Akhbar Menteri Besar hari ini memaklumkan bahawa kunjungan SPRM itu bukan bertujuan mengambil keterangan daripada Menteri Besar seperti yang dilaporkan.

Tetapi kunjungan yang diketuai Pengarah SPRM Selangor, Datuk Jaafar Mahad itu bertujuan memaklumkan kepada Menteri Besar secara rasmi berkenaan penahanan seorang pegawai kanan Yayasan Selangor sebelum ini.



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