FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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11 August 2011

RM19.4 juta Utk Sekolah Mubaligh Sabah !


http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2011&dt=0811&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Terkini&pg=bt_18.htm
(11 Aug 2011)

RM19.4 juta untuk sekolah mubaligh di Sabah – Dr Puad

11/08/2011 4:12pm

KOTA KINABALU 11 Ogos – Sabah akan menerima RM19.4 juta daripada peruntukan khas RM70 juta untuk sekolah-sekolah mubaligh di bawah Rancangan Malaysia Ke-10, kata Timbalan Menteri Pelajaran, Dr Mohd Puad Zarkashi.

Wang itu adalah untuk 101 sekolah mubaligh di seluruh Sabah, di mana peruntukan bagi setiap sekolah berbeza bergantung permohonan dan keperluan masing-masing, katanya selepas menyampaikan cek bantuan tersebut masing-masingnya sebanyak RM50,000 kepada 12 buah sekolah mubaligh dalam daerah Kota Kinabalu di SM La Salle, sebuah daripada sekolah penerima itu, di sini hari ini.

Sekolah-sekolah ini adalah antara kumpulan pertama yang menerima peruntukan tersebut. Kini terdapat 441 sekolah mubaligh di seluruh negara.

Terdahulu dalam ucapannya, Puad berkata, kebiasaannya sekolah mubaligh yang tergolong dalam kategori sekolah bantuan kerajaan, diberi modal pembangunan dua tahun sekali berdasarkan permohonan yang dibuat, namun Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak atas kepekaan beliau, telah memberi peruntukan khas RM70 juta untuk sekolah-sekolah mubaligh ini.

"Yang paling penting peruntukan ini mesti sampai secepat mungkin ke sekolah-sekolah tersebut untuk memastikan kecemerlangan pendidikan dapat ditingkatkan dari penambahbaikan kemudahan-kemudahan sekolah,” katanya. – Bernama

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http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2011&dt=0811&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Terkini&pg=bt_20.htm
(11 Aug 2011)

The Star dipanggil ekoran artikel lauk babi dalam sisipan Ramadan

11/08/2011 5:09pm

KUALA LUMPUR 11 Ogos - Kementerian Dalam Negeri telah memanggil Ketua Pengarang akhbar The Star kerana penyiaran artikel mengenai juadah Ramadan yang memuatkan gambar masakan daging khinzir.

Timbalan Ketua Setiausaha (Keselamatan) Datuk Abdul Rahim Mohamad Radzi berkata, dalam sisipan semalam, akhbar itu telah menyiarkan artikel bertajuk ”Ramadan Delights” yang memuatkan gambar-gambar masakan daging babi serta artikel mengenai restoran tidak halal yang menyediakannya.

Katanya, KDN memanggil Ketua Pengarang akhbar berkenaan bagi menyatakan kesalahan akhbar itu berikutan tindakannya yang tidak sensitif kerana penyiaran artikel terbabit. "Kementerian memandang serius kesalahan itu terutamanya kerana sisipan bertajuk ”Ramadan Delights” itu merupakan ruangan khas bagi memberi panduan dan pilihan kepada umat Islam mengenai restoran untuk berbuka puasa,” katanya dalam kenyataan di sini hari ini.

Beliau berkata akhbar tersebut telah mengakui kesilapan dan akan menyiarkan kenyataan memohon maaf di atas perkara itu. - Bernama


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