FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION


FREEDOM OF SPEECH / FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak without censorship and/or limitation. The synonymous term freedom of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used [United Nations, 1966, 1976]. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as "the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression". Furthermore freedom of speech is recognized in European, inter-American and African regional human rights law [United Nations, 1966, 1967]. Freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. The right is enshrined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold, 2005; Kumar, Ambika, 2006].

In Islamic ethics freedom of speech was first declared in the Rashidun period by the caliph Umar in the 7th century. In the Abbasid Caliphate period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason.

According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval Madrasah system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe [Boisard, Marcel A., 1980].

* Selected REFERENCES / Sources:

Amnesty International: Annual Reports: URLhttp://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/index.html Andrew Puddephatt & Hodder Arnold. (2005). Freedom of Expression: The Essentials of Human Rights. United Publishers. Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", International Journal of Middle East Studies 11 (4): 429–50. Goddard, Hugh. (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kumar, Ambika. (2006). ‘Using Courts to Enforce the Free Speech Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Published by Chicago Journal of International Law. Summer 2006. URLhttp://www.allbusiness.com/corporate-governance/4082846-1.html United Nations: ‘International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.’ Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16th December 1966: Entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. URLhttp://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (United Nations) Wikipedia. (2010). ‘Freedom of Speech.’ Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. URLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression

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09 August 2011

Run-away Bribe Slaps with RM1.1 M Sue !


Source:
http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/15laws/Article/

Jilted man slaps 'runaway bride' with RM1.1m suit

2011/08/08

Read more: Jilted man slaps 'runaway bride' with RM1.1m suit

KOTA BARU: A woman is facing a RM1.1 million suit for allegedly calling off her wedding about six hours before it was set to be solemnised in June. Her ex-fiance, Mohd Masran Ab Rahman, 32, a civil servant, claimed in the suit that the last-minute cancellation had caused a lot of distress to him and his family.

He named Norzuliyana Mat Hassan @ Mat Hussin, 28, a medical technician with University Malaya Medical Centre in Petaling Jaya, and her father, Mat Hasan @ Mat Hussin Ibrahim, 60, of Kampung Maka in Tanah Merah, as the first and second defendant.

His lawyers, Latifah Ariffin and Murtadza Mokhtar, filed the suit at the High Court registry here yesterday. Masran, who is also from Tanah Merah, was not present at the court.

In the affidavit, Latifah said the couple got engaged last year and the wedding ceremony was supposed to be held at the bride's family home in Kampung Salor, Pasir Mas, on June 4.
This was to be followed by a reception at Masran's family home in Kampung Banggol Kemunting two days later.

"My client decided to file the suit as the defendant had called off the wedding, which was scheduled after Asar prayers on June 4. "My client had made full preparations, including sending out invitation cards to some 1,200 guests comprising relatives, friends and neighbours not only from Kelantan, but throughout the country."

Murtadza said Masran was claiming RM100,000 in general damages, RM500,000 each for defamation and exemplary damages, and special damages.


Read more: Jilted man slaps 'runaway bride' with RM1.1m suit http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/15laws/Article/#ixzz1UWZmcE87


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